Nature of Work Groups in respect to organizational behavior Essay

Nature of Work Groups in respect to organizational behavior - Essay Example The current business practices involve better management and handling of organizational projects. At present, we are seeing that training within organizations is transforming along with knowledge management projects, in hopes of enhancing corporate profitability. The enhancement of the business and corporate culture depends on the establishment and improvement of the workgroups. Organizations often pay less attention to individuals playing key roles in business and are more interested in how particular workgroups can effectively enhance performance, with a view toward establishing a better corporate culture. This outline establishes how this can be accomplished. This paper will present a comprehensive analysis of the work groups with respect to organizational behavior via an assessment of the role and contribution of work groups and a thorough analysis of their operational structure. This paper will also assess the diverse structure of work groups within business organizations. Most work groups share external and internal information, exchange data and expertise, discuss current trends, and provide information and feedback to organizational experts, customers, and others outside of the group. A structurally diverse work group is one in which the group members, through virtue of their dissimilar organizational roles, affiliations or positions, can elevate the group beyond the norm to serve as an exceptional sources of business knowledge. It is assumed that if group members of structurally different work groups connect in outside knowledge sharing, their expertise will be enhanced because of this dynamic sharing of information (Cummings-2, 20 01). Groups always play an important role in the development of an organization. However they have recently increased in significance as an essential component of organizational structure. In an effort to become accustomed to quickly varying environments, many work organizations have granted teams augmented independence

How is wells fargo make money Essay Example for Free

How is wells fargo make money Essay Wells Fargo Company is a diversified financial services company providing banking, insurance, investments, mortgage and consumer finance for more than 23 million customers through 6,100 stores, the internet and other distribution channels across North America and elsewhere internationally. Headquartered in San Francisco, but were decentralized so every local Wells Fargo store is a headquarters for satisfying all customers financial needs and helping them succeeds financially. Wells Fargo has $483 billion in assets and 167,000 total team members across 80+ businesses. They are one of the United States top-40 largest private employers; ranked fifth in assets and fourth in market value of stock among their peers as of September 30, 2006 (Wells Fargo’s home page). Wells Fargo’s goal, however, is not to be the biggest, but to be the best. Wells Fargo’s website set forth its vision, which is â€Å"to satisfy all our customers financial needs and help them succeed financially. We want to be recognized as one of Americas great companies and the premier provider of financial services in every one of our markets, number one, second to none. † Loomis (17) states that Wells Fargo’s strategic initiatives include; increase the contribution to banking earnings from investments, trust, brokerage and insurance from 15 percent to 25 percent. Going for â€Å"gr-eight† Increase the number of products their consumer and business customers have with them to eight products per customer. Doing it right for the customer 100% bank-mortgage/home equity cross-sell all mortgage and home equity customers in banking states to bank with Wells Fargo and want all their banking customers who need a mortgage or a home equity loan to get it through Wells Fargo. Wells Fargo cards in every wallet; When, where and how Integrate all delivery channels stores, ATMs, Wells Fargo Phone Banksm, their online banking site, direct mail, interactive video—to match them with when, where and how their customers want to be served. â€Å"Information-based† marketing Use technology to take full advantage; offer the right product to the right customer at the right time at every point of customer contact. Be the customers’ payments processor. Premier customers Attract more and keep all existing premier customers and increase their numbers; and People as a Competitive Advantage- Continue to develop reward and recognize all team members. In 1852 Henry Wells and William Fargo founded Wells, Fargo Co. to serve the West. The new company offered banking (buying gold, and selling paper bank drafts as good as gold) and express (rapid delivery of the gold and anything else valuable). Wells Fargo opened for business in the gold rush port of San Francisco, and soon Wells Fargo’s agents opened offices in the other new cities and mining camps of the West. In the boom and bust economy of the 1850s, According to Hungerford, Wells Fargo earned a reputation of trust by dealing rapidly and responsibly with people’s money. In the 1860s, it earned everlasting fame and its corporate symbol with the grand adventure of the overland stagecoach line (99). Wells Fargo sent its business by the fastest means possible: stagecoach, steamship, railroad, pony rider or telegraph. In 1858, Wells Fargo helped start the Overland Mail Company the famed â€Å"Butterfield Line† to meet the demand for speedy communications across the west. In 1861, Wells Fargo also took over operations of the western leg of the famed, but short-lived, Pony Express (Scheele 250). In 1866, Wells Fargo combined all the major western stage lines. Stagecoaches bearing the name Wells, Fargo Co. rolled over 3,000 miles of territory, from California to Nebraska, and from Colorado into the mining regions of Montana and Idaho. After the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, Wells Fargo increasingly rode the rails. In 1888, after expanding along the new steel network across the Northeast into New York, Wells Fargo became the country’s first nationwide express company. It adopted the motto â€Å"Ocean-to-Ocean† to describe its service that connected over 2,500 communities in 25 states, and â€Å"Over-the-Seas† to highlight its lines linking America’s increasingly global economy. Wells Fargo rushed customers’ business from the urban centers of New York and New Jersey, through the rail hub of Chicago and farming regions of the Midwest, to ranching and mining centers in Texas and Arizona, and to lumber mill towns in the Pacific Northwest. Wells Fargo agents in towns large and small offered basic financial services like money orders, travelers’ checks, and transfer of funds by telegraph. Always, though, wherever there was mining, from Alaska to Arizona, Wells Fargo guarded the gold. By 1910 the Company’s network linked 6,000 locations, including new offices in the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It was in these towns that the famed â€Å"Wells Fargo Wagon† delivered goods of all sorts, from a grey mackinaw to some grapefruit from Tampa, as the song from the Music Man goes (Hungerford 97). By 1918 Wells Fargo was part of 10,000 communities across the country. That year, however, the federal government took over the nation’s express network as part of its effort in the First World War. Wells Fargo was left with just one bank in San Francisco. Wells Fargo Co’s Bank, San Francisco (as it was called since 1852), formally separated in 1905 from Wells Fargo Co Express. The bank then survived the disaster of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and Fire. Bank president I. W. Hellman telegraphed, â€Å"Building Destroyed, Vault Intact, and Credit Unaffected. † From that confident note, Wells Fargo began rebuilding its banking business across the West. In the 1910s and ’20s Wells Fargo served as a commercial bank in San Francisco, supporting the West’s growing business and agriculture, including fledgling auto, aerospace and film industries. The Wells Fargo Stagecoach became a regular actor in Hollywood westerns. Loomis (18) agreed that sound management helped the bank weather the Great Depression, serve the nation during World War II, and positioned the bank to meet new consumer banking needs in the prosperous post-war era. Through the 20th Century Wells Fargo rebuilt from just one office in San Francisco. From 1905 to 1923 it was a premier downtown San Francisco institution. Expanding in 1923 to two marbled banking halls, Wells Fargo was a â€Å"banker’s bank† that served the entire west. In 1960s prosperity, Wells Fargo became a northern California regional bank with branch offices everywhere people lived and played, from the coast to the mountains. In the 1980s Wells Fargo expanded into a state-wide bank and became the seventh largest bank in the nation and launched its online service (Wells Fargo home page). In the 1990s Wells Fargo returned to its historic territory throughout the Western, Midwestern and Eastern states. Today in the 21st Century, with extensive and diversified financial services, the Wells Fargo name once again extends â€Å"Ocean-to-Ocean,† â€Å"Over-the-Seas,† and, of course, On-Line. The famous image of the stagecoach and the reputation of the name saw Wells Fargo well through the mighty events and fantastic growth of the 20th Century. In prosperity, depression and war, even greater post-war prosperity, social changes and ever faster communications technologies, Wells Fargo’s attention to customers’ business has seen it through these great events and brought success. WORK CITED Hungerford, Edward. Wells Fargo: Advancing the American Frontier. New York: Random House, 1949. Loomis, Noel M. Wells Fargo. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, 1968. 17-18. Scheele, Carl H. A Short History of the Mail Service. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1970. 250. Wells Fargo. Home page. 2006. 23 Nov. 2006 https://www. wellsfargo. com/about/history/adventure/modern_times.

The Metamorphosis :: Example Personal Narratives

The Metamorphosis    When I look back over the past few years, I realize how much I've grown and changed.   I arrived at Harvard Boarding School without any idea of what to expect. I entered my second year of high school as an innocent thirteen year-old feeling about a thousand miles from home. My interests at the time were cars, planes, major league basketball, movies and tennis. Midway through my senior year at Harvard Boarding School, my interests have changed dramatically.    If there is one common occurrence that takes place for every single person in the diverse student body at Harvard Boarding School, it is that we all grow up much faster for having lived there. I do not know whether this speeding up of the maturing process is generally good or bad, but I definitely have benefited.    The classroom has become a whole different realm for me. Before, the teachers and students alike preached the importance of learning, but it was implicitly obvious that the most important concern was grades. At [school' s name] teachers genuinely believe that learning is the most importance objective and deeply encourage us to collaborate with each other and make use of all resources that we may find. In fact, in a certain class this year, my teacher assigned us to prepare every day of the week to discuss a certain book; there were only two requirements in this preparation- we had to maximize our sources, gleaning from everything and everyone in the school, but we were not allowed to actually look at the book. As a result, I know more about that book than any other that I have actually read. It is teaching methods such as this that ensure that we will learn more. Indeed, this matter of " thinking" has been one of the most important aspects of my experience. Whether in Physics or Engl ish, I' m required to approach every problem and idea independently and creatively rather than just regurgitate the teacher' s words. In discussion with fellow students both inside and outside of class, the complex thoughts flowing through everyone' s brain is evident.    However, I believe that the most important concepts that I have espoused in being independent of my parents for half of each year, deal with being a cosmopolitan person. The school' s faculty and students are conscious about keeping all of the kids' attention from being based on the school.

Brazil Culture Night Essay

We have a lot of different cultural events going on, but at the International House there is always a culture event every two or three weeks. They usually dedicate a week to a specific culture. They show movies, do lectures, have coffee night and much more. They have different cultures every time. International House had culture events on different cultures like: China, Brazil, Japanese, French, Nepali, German, India, and many more. I have been to many of these culture events. One event in particular that I had been to recently is Brazil culture night. Brazil culture night was held on Wednesday, March 14, 2012. The doors opened at 6:00 but the actual event started at 6:30 and it lasted until 8:30. The event was held in the International House Great Room where all the events are usually held. I was very excited to go to this event because I know very little about Brazil but I have heard a lot and I was very excited to go and find out new things about Brazil. I specially wanted to see the food and the music. And the language, Portuguese. When I first walked in the lobby of International House it was packed! Everywhere there were lots of people. I saw different age group people from kids to late adults. This made me even more exciting, I love to see lots of people coming to event it just makes it even more fun. In the beginning as soon as you go in, you get your food and you find a place to sit. When I saw the food, my mouth got so watery. My Portuguese professor from last semester was serving us food, and she had told me that she made most of this food. This surprised me because I never thought that she could make this great food. The food was amazing, I specifically loved the desert, I did not know what it was called but it was all chocolaty and it was shaped like a round ball. After every one got sattled in, which completely filled the Great Room there was no space for anyone to sit, some people were even standing. And then the program started around 9:30. There were two presentations, one from the Brazilian people itself and another one was a students here who went there to do the study abroad program. Both of these presentations were very interesting, I learned a lot from them. It made me want to go to Brazil to do the study abroad program. The places they went to were just so beautiful. Later they had the band, â€Å"Cafà © Basil† and they played amazing as well. I realized that I really enjoy Portuguese music I never thought that I would like this type of music but I really enjoyed it. Later they had the Jiu-Jitsu demonstration, which was really interesting. I wish I could something like that. And at the end there was some Samba dance demonstrations, which Joanna presented. I was just mind blown when I saw it! They taught people from audience and then some people just joined them. I really enjoyed the Samba dance. They also had a traditional dancing. Overall I really enjoyed myself there. There was not a better way I would have wanted to spend my Wednesday night. I really enjoyed the food and loved the Samba dancing. I am really glad that they pass flyers around campus, post these events on International House website and also they use facebook to get a lot of people coming to these events. They always have a great out come. Sometimes they do not even have enough food left for the helpers. They have volunteers helping during these events. These volunteers are students and most of them are from the club, Asian American Association. I believe that these students do a great job, in weather it if preparing the food or preparing for the event. One another positive thing about these events held at the International House is that, these events allow us to meet new people outside of what we normally see, who our normal friends are. I have made a lot of new friend from going to these events. I have friends from lots of different culture only because I go to these culture events and I see them there. These events also allows us to experience other culture but in our own comfort zone. I also like how the main focus of these events is that, it show people on campus the similarities and differences between cultures in an interesting fun way, which everyone enjoys. I learned a lot from these events. Like I learned to do a little of Samba dancing and some interesting facts and also the food was amazing. I think they should just keep up the good work that they are doing. They should find a bigger room so that everyone could sit and enjoy but other then that it was wonderful. I loved it!

How to End a Relationship? Essay

What is love? They say love is a heterogeneous conglomeration of absurdity calculated to bamboozle the anatomy of the individual who becomes intoxicated with its abominable and irresistible power. Love is a feeling you feel when you feel that you are going to get a feeling that you never felt before. Many people engage in relationships and invest emotionally because of â€Å"love†. But then again, in some cases we just hear that a known couple end up breaking up. Reasons why? That is the number question that immediately enters into the people’s mind whenever they hear break up stories.    These people mistook infatuation for love. They intertwined these two words â€Å"infatuation† and â€Å"love†. These two are totally different! Infatuation is ruled by feelings but love’s feelings are ruled by principle. In the field of infatuation, the feelings are in charge. But the problem is that our feelings are fickle. They change easily. Today you feel great, so you kiss her. Tomorrow you feel terrible, so you kick her. That is not love! Infatuation is blind, but love sees and examines. Infatuation is in a hurry, but love takes time. Infatuation is obsessed with externals, but love is concerned with internals. Infatuation is a human ditch, but love is a divine ladder and lastly, Infatuation is childish but love is mature. These are the things that sometimes a normal being struggles especially when at the middle of his/her relationship he/she founds out that he/she does not really love him/her at all. So sad isn’t it? And even to the extent that they don’t know how to break lose of that relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People often question how? How can I tell her/him it is already over? I am afraid to hurt her, I am afraid that he/she might not be able to accept it. Common clichà ©s and excuses we hear everyday from those individuals who aren’t happy with their lover anymore. What one needs to do is talk with his/he partner. Communication is the most important thing to prevent further damages especially in the emotional aspect of the person. Tell him/her everything you feel, everything that is inside of your heart. Never hide it or wear mask. It will just keep him/her on expecting that everything is still going fine and good. Set a time, a time when both of you are at peace, emotionally and spiritually. Talk with her in a place that is private, a place free from communication barriers. Communicating our own true feelings is not easy, and does not come naturally so one has to be really prepared. It is a skill that needs to be learned with patience and perseverance. But we communicate meaningfully only when we take the risk of revealing our inner selves, our inner feelings and sharing our real feelings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Do not directly jump into break up even at the beginning of the conversation. First, explain to her that for all the years or time you have been with her was amazing, that you treasured it most. You cherished the memories you shared together. You are happy to see her that very moment. Never throw words that will only keep him/her hanging and expecting that is if you still have a plan of getting back into her in the future. But the very proper is say words that are pointblank. Words that are not hurtful, words that says your feelings but does not leave a scar, although it is just normal to be hurt after each breakups. Tell her that there are just things that are uncontrollable, events that are inevitable. Say that you do not want that your relationship will just cause you to hurt someone if you keep on continuing it well in fact you are no longer happy. You just cannot force yourself to continue something that is out of your will. You are not longer happy with what is going on with your relationship or maybe you still have some things to do, to achieve and to fulfill. After saying these things, let him/ he understand fully you stand. Do not end your conversation without letting her comprehend and see things in the aspect that does not give a negative impression about himself/ herself. Keep the friendship. Even if you are not couples or lovers already, make a decision to keep the friendship alive between the two of you. May be you two are not just meant to be lovers but just friends. Let you friendship stay and never let it be destroyed by anything. Never leave the place until you patch things up, yes it is impossible to just easily patch things up after a break up but just have a try, no one dies if he/she tries right?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Break up is not an easy experience especially when you are really in love with the person. But what can you do when your partner is not already happy, satisfied or contented? Nothing! You can never force someone to stay and to love you forever. Let us remember that there are those people who are just really meant to be our friends while there is only one who God destined for us, to be our lifetime partner.

Free Essays on Why Industrialization Began In England

England was the predecessor in the industrial revolution because they began industrialization in multiple areas in a dynamic self-feeding manner. The entire country experienced industrialization in agricultural, textile, and trade, some even say human commerce. This movement began an expanded commercial revolution. In this essay, we endeavor to investigate the explosive and vigorous growth of the infrastructure, situational surplus of supplies, population growth, and concurrent transportation developments, which allowed an abundance of capitol growth by which the English Industrial revolution was financed. In the process other countries watched in amazement of England’s progress. The historians write about the agriculture revolution. What does this mean? Simply stated, it meant that farmer were eager and very open to new methods and ideas encompassing all aspects of agriculture. Utilizing new planting techniques increased production, decreased cost of goods and food to the consumer. The appropriate application of science to the farmer’s land increased his yield. Examples of the application of science to farming include field fertilization by manure and other organic products, crop and field use rotation. One would plant wheat, then turnip, the oats or barley then finally clover before the cycle began again. Root crops became popular, this added to the nutritional growth and health of all of England. The farmer could sell more and the consumer had increased buying power with the decrease cost of the consumable. As the farmer could produce more, fewer farmers were needed; this triggered the shift of the populations to urban centers, and pro vided workers for new factories. Increases in trade stimulated the economy and the average person now could buy a variety of produce as well as locally manufactured goods. These increased local demands for manufactured goods that once had to be available mainly from export trade... Free Essays on Why Industrialization Began In England Free Essays on Why Industrialization Began In England England was the predecessor in the industrial revolution because they began industrialization in multiple areas in a dynamic self-feeding manner. The entire country experienced industrialization in agricultural, textile, and trade, some even say human commerce. This movement began an expanded commercial revolution. In this essay, we endeavor to investigate the explosive and vigorous growth of the infrastructure, situational surplus of supplies, population growth, and concurrent transportation developments, which allowed an abundance of capitol growth by which the English Industrial revolution was financed. In the process other countries watched in amazement of England’s progress. The historians write about the agriculture revolution. What does this mean? Simply stated, it meant that farmer were eager and very open to new methods and ideas encompassing all aspects of agriculture. Utilizing new planting techniques increased production, decreased cost of goods and food to the consumer. The appropriate application of science to the farmer’s land increased his yield. Examples of the application of science to farming include field fertilization by manure and other organic products, crop and field use rotation. One would plant wheat, then turnip, the oats or barley then finally clover before the cycle began again. Root crops became popular, this added to the nutritional growth and health of all of England. The farmer could sell more and the consumer had increased buying power with the decrease cost of the consumable. As the farmer could produce more, fewer farmers were needed; this triggered the shift of the populations to urban centers, and pro vided workers for new factories. Increases in trade stimulated the economy and the average person now could buy a variety of produce as well as locally manufactured goods. These increased local demands for manufactured goods that once had to be available mainly from export trade...

Professionalism and Ethics

Professionalism and Ethics Introduction Professional ethics is a challenging field that demands professional concentration. Any profession demands organized and well developed career, enhanced by skills, knowledge and capacity to make sound decisions. This discussion explores professionalism and ethics attached to the field of engineering, with specific reface to mechanical engineering.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Professionalism and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personal conflict of interest In several occasions, humans are faced with a number of conflicts of interest or an ethical predicament in their day-to-day existence. The outcomes may lead to a precarious, partial and indiscriminating world owing to the un-examined existence. Thus, ethical dilemma should be resolved in order to make life worth living. The dilemma in moral thinking is contradicting. For instance, when thinking is left to the aforementioned reason, it leads to downright discrimination, unacquainted, incomplete, one-sided and prejudiced philosophy. The resolution to such dilemma requires effective review to apply personal ethics. Initially, finding resolutions to intricate complications through operational communication within an organization is more than essential. This assists in measuring and identifying the practical concerns, effects and suppositions brought out by the ethical dilemma. Moreover, testing the thought alongside ethics and pertinent criteria leads to well-reasoned resolutions and decisions. Operational analysis of the intellectual idea helps in evaluating and gathering the appropriate information. Ultimately, detailed and vibrant formulation of the raised up bottlenecks and vital demands helps in resolving the conflict of interest in life. At one time in my life, I faced one of the most testing moments at the work place. Having worked for my engineering company for seven months, I was included in a professional team ta sked with reviewing the worthiness of candidate contractors. With more than 20 applicants tabled before us, we had one week to go through each of them, determine their worthiness and either reject or accept them. In addition, we were expected to accept only four applications for the contract.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By the end of the third day, we had already accepted five applicants based on merit. The idea was to drop one application and accept the remaining four. However, I realized that the applicant with the fourth highest points was a company whose CEO was a close relative of my wife and such, my own relative. I had no previous information about this issue. My wife requested me to influence the team so that her relative’s company would get the deal. I was in a dilemma because I did not know whether it was right for me to accept her request before infor ming my colleagues. I was also aware that my wife was set to benefit from the deal. After thinking for two days, I realized that it was unethical to act in a manner that suggests I was favoring my relative’s company. I made my mind and informed the other members of the team. The issue was discussed at length. Finally, a decision was reached to reject the application from my relative’s company and accept the fifth best applicant. Professionalism It is worth arguing that college professors are professionals. Indeed, they possess a number of critical attributes that render them professionals. The attributes owned by college professors are all integrated in the dimension of critical thinking. This entails thinking that is own-corrective, own-monitored, own-disciplined and own-directed. As professionals, they enjoy careful knowledge in what they practice as well as rigorous principles of brilliance. These professors seek to overcome the native socio-centrism and egocentrism through their skills in problem solving and actual communication (Harris, Pritchard and Rabins 121). In order to improve the scholarly traits, they habitually enforce the knowledgeable principles to the cognitive module. On the other hand, the professors apply the several elements and aspire to develop the lives of different individuals. The elements applied by the professors include suppositions, inferences, notions, and extrapolations. In addition, they apply effective information, opinion, enquiries and purpose to instill growth in persons of diverse professions. The above elements develop several intellectual traits that college professors put into effect as professionals. Such intellectual traits are bravery, honesty, sovereignty and self-effacement. As well, they enforce the application of other traits similar to fair-mindedness, understanding and persistence. The above dimensions apply to the critical attributes that brand college professors as professionals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Professionalism and Ethics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The difference between code of ethics and law Law and code of ethics may perhaps differ in a number of ways. In fact, law is something that one person has to do as it is obligatory. On the other hand, code of ethics denotes something that one ought to do. The code of ethics most likely applies to professionals, for instance, the police, lawyers, medics and engineers or personalities of limited factions. Nonetheless, law is applied in a similar manner to any person as it appears as a loose word hypothetically. The government or state is in control of setting up the law. The state or government that sets the law is the one that oversees its enforcement, given that it should be applied a similar manner to every individual. Rendering the primeval laws has a hostage to fortune in regards to the marginalized groups. In contrast, codes of conduct are enforced and only spread over to certain groups of professionals. In this case, the peers of a medic, an engineer, or a lawyer are the ones who impose and charge their fellows who breach the code of conduct. The contemporary world concentrates on the moral matters, given that ethics are not much different from these morals. Social Responsibility An organization is socially responsible for the things and operations it organizes. In the modern world, companies yield an overwhelming economic influence on society. In the eyes of the law, companies are legal entities, which means that they enjoy the rights and protections of an individual citizen. Thus, corporations can make moral or immoral decisions. The process of corporate moral decision is developed and determined through corporate internal decisions. Although this framework is composed of individuals, it operates like a system or machine. Companies are socially responsible for their actions. They must ensure that they work with in the legal, moral and social requirements. In the Lockheed example, it was expected that the individuals involved were financially endowed for the favors that were involved. The Tristar Jet Company was awarded the right to supply the Chinese travellers to Africa and America with visa to travel without restrictions. Lockheed is popular for guaranteeing the populace in which it operates and takes social responsibility to account for the challenges that the community faces.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In looking for an attachment with Lockheed, it was difficult to settle an appointment with the human resources manager. Allegedly, shop stewards at the company demand bribes from prospective employees. Conclusion Work ethics is an influential field that demands the influence of the individual expert. Thus, it is the right of professionals to conduct their roles within the limits of their academic qualifications. It determines the way a professional handles the issues that are to be engaged with learners and the employees. Harris, Charles, Michael Pritchard and Michael Rabins. Engineering Ethics: Concepts Case. London: Cengage Learning, 2004. Print.

Ambient Temperature Definition in Weather

Ambient Temperature Definition in Weather In weather, ambient temperature refers to the current air temperature - the overall temperature of the outdoor air that surrounds us. In other words, ambient air temperature is the same thing as ordinary air temperature. When indoors, ambient temperature is sometimes called room temperature. When calculating the dew point temperature, the ambient temperature is also referred to as the  dry-bulb  temperature. The dry bulb temperature is a measure of the dry air temperature without evaporative cooling. What Does Ambient Air Temperature Tell Us? Unlike  maximum high and minimum low temperatures, ambient air temperature tells you nothing about the weather forecast. It simply tells what the air temperature is right now, outside your door. As such, its value constantly changes minute-by-minute. Dos and Donts of Measuring Ambient Air Temperature To measure the ambient air temperature, all you need is a thermometer and to follow these simple rules. Dont and youll risk getting a bad temperature reading. Keep the thermometer out of direct sunlight.  If the sun is shining on your thermometer, its going to record the heat from the sun,  and not the ambient heat in the air. For this reason, always be careful to place thermometers in the shade.Dont place your thermometer too low near the ground or too high above it. Too low, and it will pick up excess heat from the ground. Too high and it will cool from winds. A height of around five feet above ground works best.Place the thermometer in an open, well-ventilated area. This keeps the air circulating freely around it, which means it will represent the temperature of the surrounding environment.Keep the thermometer covered. Shielding it from the sun, rain, snow, and frost provides a standardized environment.Place it over a natural (grassy or dirt) surface. Concrete, pavement, and stone attract and store heat, which they can then radiate towards your thermometer giving it a higher temperature reading than the actual environment. Ambient vs. Apparent (Feels-Like) Temperatures Ambient temperature can provide a general idea of whether you will need a jacket or a sleeveless top, but it does not provide much information about how the weather will feel to an actual human being as she steps outside. Thats because the ambient temperature doesnt take into account the relative humidity of the air or the impact of the wind on human perceptions of heat or cold.   The amount of moisture (mugginess) or humidity in the air can make it harder for sweat to evaporate; this, in turn, will make you feel warmer. As a result, the heat index will increase even if the ambient air temperature will remain steady. This explains why dry heat is often less bothersome than moist heat. Winds can play a role in how cold a temperature will feel to human skin. The wind chill factor can cause the air to have a perceived lower temperature. Thus, an ambient temperature of 30 degrees Fahrenheit can feel like 30 degree, 20 degrees, or even ten degrees in a stiff breeze.

Planning and assessing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning and assessing - Essay Example tion criteria of the best learners, provide a mechanism of evaluation of learners through a given program and motivate and encourage the learners in their undertaking (Armitage et al, 2012). There has been a rise in debate about the relevance of assessment in education, why can’t students be allowed to handle education matters on their own? It is the question frequently asked by those who propagate against assessment in education. However, assessment can be connected to a wide range of stakeholders. Parents, the government, education institutions and the learners themselves need to know the level and magnitude of their performance. No one will want to incur huge costs on learning and does not feel contented with the resultant service being offered. Thus, teachers and other stakeholders have to come up with techniques which will depict the rate of performance of the learners. According to Tummons, assessment is not only an attribute which is undertaken by the learners, but it is also an approach which boosts the morale of the learners in their studies. For instance, when a learner is able to take, a continuous evaluation test, they will tend to work harder each time another paper comes up. This is more positive as compared to situations where the learners are not subjected to any assessment. The effectiveness of the evaluation process underlies under those who engage in the whole cycle. Individuals who introduce the mechanism have to be properly equipped to handle any challenges that may arise in the process; in addition the process has to be friendly (Tummons, 2007). The assessment encompasses three approaches, it commences with the formative assessment to interim assessment to summative assessment in the whole period of the learners in a particular grade. The main purpose of superimposing all the three in the curriculum is to offer a wide platform of learning. For instance, it will aid the students to have a wide scope of learning; formative and intermediate

Corporate Communications Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Corporate Communications - Case Study Example The UK-based international grocery chain Tesco is a world leading retail chain and its general merchandising retail chain activities stretch far beyond the European Union. By sales and profits, it is not only the largest British retail chain but also the best-known grocery store in the neighborhood. Right now according to statistics its global sales along with domestic market sales, exceed  £3 billion. Going by revenue figures it is the third biggest global retail chain based on revenue, behind Wal-Mart in the first place and Carrefour of France in the second place. However, Tesco is ahead of Carrefour in profits. Though the organization started off as a seller of food and drink, now sells almost every imaginable item required by the household, including clothes, banking and financial services, telecommunication, healthcare, insurance, electronics and electrical and much more. Corporate Communication can be defined as â€Å"The activities undertaken by an organization to communicate both internally with employees and externally with existing and prospective customers and the wider public. Corporate communication is sometimes used to refer principally to external communication and sometimes to internal communication, but strictly speaking covers both, the term implies an emphasis on promoting a sense of corporate identity and presenting a consistent and coherent corporate image† (www.dictionary.bnet.com). Thus Tesco has been using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in its retail operations. The use of ICT at Tesco is effectively practiced in its public and customer relations strategy such as with individuals and organizations, including its employees, customers, competitors and suppliers. An effective communication strategy is an essential element at

US Monopoly Company and US Perfect Competition Company Essay

US Monopoly Company and US Perfect Competition Company - Essay Example The competitive market structure come into being where there are different firms competing in the market to offer the best product and services to the customers. These companies cannot make decisions without considering what other competitors are doing. When there are several companies offering similar product and services, competition will occur. In most cases, this competition is to the benefit of the customers (Mankiw 329). Market Analyses The two monopolistic companies are the National Basket Association (NBA) and the National Football League (NFL). These two companies are in contract with the best players as well as the best stadiums. It is not easy for any other company to compete with NBA and NFL in this kind of business due to the monopolistic ownership of necessary resources for basketball and football. New companies in the market will have to look for other non standard stadiums as well as little known players, who may not be of use to them economically (Tucker 137). Anothe r way in which NBA and NFL enjoy monopoly in the market is through legal barriers. The government has given them licenses to operate the various leagues, on the contrary, telecommunications companies such as Skype and Cisco Call manager have got licenses to operate in the market. Potential competitors also have got equal opportunity in acquiring license necessary for competition. Other potential competitors to NBA may not be given licenses since there can only be one league in the US. The market in which national basketball association and national football league operates is characterized by the fact that they are he only companies in the market, they also offer unique services and products as well as the impossible entry of possible competitors due to ownership of vital resources by these companies (Tucker 211). Competing NBA and NFL will be unsustainable hence leading to monopoly. Monopoly has resulted due to the large scale of operation in which these two companies operate. They operate national leagues across the United States; competing them will depend on who is able to survive harsh economic times. Potential competitors cannot hope to provide the services provided by NBA and NFL In contrast, One perfect example of accompany in the competitive market structure is Cisco Call Manager (CCM). This company is a key member of the Cisco IP telephony network solution. CCM offers telephone services to its customers. Further, it provides all connection services to IP phones, smart phones and VoIP services. CCM faces competition from other companies such as Skype and Comcast that offer the same products and services (Sheppard 18). Cisco Call manager (CCM) experiences competition from new entrants in the market while NBA does not. New companies that offer similar services to those of Cisco Call Manager (CCM) have found their way to the market. This kind of market is where companies offer telecommunication services to customers does not pose any challenges to possib le entrants. To survive in such a competitive market, companies like CCM and Skype must offer their services at low costs and ensure that their products are unique from those offered by their competitors. CCM has also been challenged by the availability of their product substitute (Sheppard 18). NBA experiences no competition from other companies while CCM experiences stiff competition from other companies like Skype since no barriers to entry in the market exist. NBA has awarded contract to the best players as well as

Just War Theory Concept Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Just War Theory Concept - Case Study Example Just war defines war as a situation where parties have to fight back based on various conditions. This includes having a just cause. This means that parties need to have just reasons for going to war. (DeForrest, 1997) Throughout history, human beings have continued to engage in war at different times for different reasons. Human beings have used war as a method of solving conflicts, yet, at the same time, war has been condemned by human beings as unnecessary. Accordingly, though the war has been a continued to be part of human history, human beings have always tried to reduce the extent of war by which the war may be fought. (DeForrest, 1997) Over the past, the question of when is war "justified" and which methods are suitable for a war has raised a vast deal of assessment. The great examination of the question has lead to the concept of just war to try and explain the when military action is justified. Just war theory has been accepted in many countries as the way in which just war may be determined. According to Wells (1996) he argues that war is justified if it is fought in reaction to aggression. The aggression can be directed to another state or towards a region of another state, threatening the political independence of that particular state. Despite the diverse sources in the formulation of just war theory, it basically has two basic major issues in regard to legitimizing a war. The first basic issue termed as "jus ad bellum" a Latin term meaning right or just to resort to war, which relates to when it is proper to get engaged in war. The second fundamental issue, jus de Bello determines the justified methods of warfare within a war.

Economic context of Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic context of Banking - Essay Example There has been revolutionary structural reformation after financial liberalization in 1990s. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) made its firm role as the administrative agency of supervision and banking. The structure of the banking sector has undergone a significant transformation wherein the public sector banks have been observed in losing their relative importance which resulted to have more domestic private banks and more foreign banks. Even if a number of measures have been taken by the government to ensure higher stability, competition and efficiency, there still exist some problems in with the banking system, for example profitability of public sector banks has not been increased, and foreign banks are not performing at their desired level and so on. The overall performance of the banking sector has improved over time, but desired level of performance has not been reached. Hence the paper also provides my opinions regarding some recommendations. Introduction In many countries gov ernment plays an important role in maintaining competition, efficiency and stability in the operation of banking system. However, it would be quite interesting to consider a particular country and examine to what extent government supports the banking system in enhancing competition, stability and efficiency. For this purpose, the banking system of India will be chosen in this paper as India has a very active and a very interesting banking sector where public, private and foreign banks have their own importance and operate simultaneously. This paper will first look at the banking system of India and the role that the Indian government does play in increasing competition, stability and efficiency in Indian banking sector. Thus it will go on analyzing the extent to which the governmental efforts have been able to enhance the performance of the banks. Finally, some recommendations would be forwarded on how to effectively increase competition, stability and efficiency of banking sector. Indian Banking sector and the role of government in increasing competition, stability and efficiency in Indian banking sector The Government of India when nationalizing all the popular Indian banks in 1969 sought that banking was "inspired by a larger social purpose" and should attend national importance and goals such as rapid development in agriculture, small scale industry and exports. Now a day a body of direct and indirect proof is there to show that credit markets in developing countries frequently fail to make credit where its social product might be the highest. (Agarwal, 2003) Nationalization of Indian banks has helped in meeting social needs of the country. Earlier, the banks only concentrated on lending their money to big industrial houses. But after nationalization, the banks extend their loans to small scale industrialists, peasants and other individuals also. Nationalization has also helped in expansion of banking network to the rural areas as well. Peasants and small scale industrialized are also getting loans at lower interest rates. All these have helped in the growth and development of relatively poor segment of the population. (Agarwal, 2003; Mohan, 2005) However, nationalization has put various regulations

Just War Theory Concept Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Just War Theory Concept - Case Study Example Just war defines war as a situation where parties have to fight back based on various conditions. This includes having a just cause. This means that parties need to have just reasons for going to war. (DeForrest, 1997) Throughout history, human beings have continued to engage in war at different times for different reasons. Human beings have used war as a method of solving conflicts, yet, at the same time, war has been condemned by human beings as unnecessary. Accordingly, though the war has been a continued to be part of human history, human beings have always tried to reduce the extent of war by which the war may be fought. (DeForrest, 1997) Over the past, the question of when is war "justified" and which methods are suitable for a war has raised a vast deal of assessment. The great examination of the question has lead to the concept of just war to try and explain the when military action is justified. Just war theory has been accepted in many countries as the way in which just war may be determined. According to Wells (1996) he argues that war is justified if it is fought in reaction to aggression. The aggression can be directed to another state or towards a region of another state, threatening the political independence of that particular state. Despite the diverse sources in the formulation of just war theory, it basically has two basic major issues in regard to legitimizing a war. The first basic issue termed as "jus ad bellum" a Latin term meaning right or just to resort to war, which relates to when it is proper to get engaged in war. The second fundamental issue, jus de Bello determines the justified methods of warfare within a war.

Journal Article Critique 4293 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal Article Critique 4293 - Assignment Example However, at the end of the 10 weeks of the study, the two groups had a total of 51 students after 9 of them dropped from the study after moving to other regions. As highlighted, there was a control group and a treatment group, each consisting of 30 students. Both the control group and the treatment group participated in Tier 1 learning instructions, but only the treatment group underwent the special Tier 2 learning instructions. These types of instructions were given for a period of 10 weeks and different measures of their improvement in literacy were used to compare their performance after the 10 week period. The data from such scores was analyzed and interpreted to compare the effect of Tier 2 learning instructions, which was a response-to-intervention model. From the findings, in the scores of the different groups, it emerged that students in the treatment grouped performed better in all the measures compared to those in the control group. Notably, the control group exhibited improvement because of the Tier 1 learning instructions. The study utilized a limited sample size, which was 51 at the end of the 10 weeks, a factor that necessitates an additional study with a larger sample size. The measurement instruments used in the study had limited capacity in assessing some measures identified for the study. The third limitation was that, the study only considered reading level ranges from early first to the level of middle third grade, which has the capacity of introducing a level of variance. This study is a salient example of the effects of adopting an intervention model of learning instructions in a bid to help students with learning disabilities to improve their literacy levels. The authors of this article are impressed by the positive findings that adopting a Tier 2 instruction model can register a difference in the learning ability and literacy levels of students

Jamie Oliver Essay Example for Free

Jamie Oliver Essay Jamie Oliver is a chef who has made a number of television programmes for Channel 4; in most of these programmes he is cooking and instructing the audience, although he is sometimes part of documentaries about food, for example in schools. His style of speech is very different to many of his contemporaries: he uses his distinctive style to present himself as a down to earth, friendly TV chef. Oliver is the only person talking in this transcript because he is cooking and explaining his actions for the TV show. The fact that he is cooking while talking means that there are numerous pauses in the transcript, for example ‘you wanna coat the bottom (3) of the pan’. The three second pause indicates that he is demonstrating this action on the programme; it is important in his role as a TV chef that he doesn’t just sit and talk through a recipe because viewers want to see the recipes being made and they also want to be entertained and kept interested by Oliver moving around in the kitchen. Other pauses suggest that, although this programme is probably scripted to some degree, Oliver is not reading from an autocue but retains an element of spontaneity to his speech. The pauses at the start of the transcript, ‘I got a pan (.) er the right size pan about (.) sort of seven inches’, are indicators of this spontaneity, as is the non-fluent ‘er’. Although sometimes a sign of nervousness, in this case I think the pauses help Oliver to appear normal, like his viewers, so they are more likely to attempt his recipes and, of course, buy his books. Jamie Oliver’s Esturary accent and his accompanying use of London slang are also distinctive features of his talk. Words such as ‘chivvy’ and ‘squiggle’ are colloquial and are not words we expect to hear on a cooking programme. We are used to words from the cooking semantic field such as ‘whisk’, ‘bake’, ‘stir’ but Oliver’s language use again makes him seem very normal, approachable and relaxed. As well as specifically accented words such as the dropping of the ‘h’ in ‘orrible’, Oliver’s elisions ‘gonna’, ‘wanna’ and ‘kinda’ demonstrate his relaxed tone. As well as using these to build a successful TV persona, Oliver could be using this informal language because he is concentrating more on the actual cooking and explaining the key details of the recipe rather than the functional language he uses. It is important that Oliver does not appear too bossy to his audience: they need to feel like they can relate to him; it is therefore important that he moderates his use of imperatives. Throughout the transcript, he softens his instructions to viewers: ‘about (.) sort of seven inches’; ‘I guess er that’s on a medium heat’; this lack of precision is encouraging to people watching his because it suggests this recipe is easy to follow. The self-deprecating suggestion that Oliver is not entirely sure of what he is doing, just guessing, means that he does not assume a too-powerful position in relation to his viewers. Again, he needs to appear imitable and not too complicated. He continues to reassure the audience by saying ‘where there’s a gap there don’t worry (.) just tilt the pan’. The pause after ‘don’t worry’ suggests that he is about to offer a solution to viewers in case they are worried about this issue. The word ‘just’ implies that the solution is simple and easy, so Oliver maintains his persona as the ‘friendly, easy’ TV chef in contrast with someone like Heston Blumenthal and his very technical, scientific recipes that cannot be replicated in ordinary kitchens. Although he tones down his instructions, it is necessary for Oliver to be as clear as possible about some aspects of the recipe, seen when he says ‘don’t rush it otherwise (1) if you cook eggs too hard and too fast †¦which we don’t like’. His instruction is very clear when he says ‘don’t rush it’ but he then moderates this by explaining the reason for saying it, ‘if†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢He goes on to use the first person plural pronoun ‘we’ to indicate that the audience is included in this decision about how eggs should taste, this is not just Jamie Oliver making a pronouncement that must be obeyed. In conclusion, Jamie Oliver uses many features of talk that are typical of TV chefs, such as numerous pauses and imperative instructions which are essential in his role, but he also has a very distinctive personal style of talk, characterised by his accent, use of slang and colloquial vocabulary. He uses his own idiolect to create a successful TV personality that viewers can relate to and follow as a cooking role model.

Empowering Patients in Occupational Therapy

Empowering Patients in Occupational Therapy Disability Issues for Healthcare professionals Assignment Introduction Empowerment is a process of helping people to assert control over the factors which affect their lives. It involves a transfer of power from the professional to the patient health care professionals need to give up their power and help their clients gain power (Gibson, 1991). The aim of empowerment is to transform the individual’s lifestyle so that employment, housing, leisure, health and other institutions support empowerment. In a nutshell, Empowerment is a process through which individuals and social groups become able to express their needs and present their concerns. They will also gain power within themselves to make their own decisions, devise strategies for involvement and attain social, political and cultural action to meet those demands. Through such a process people see a closer relationship between their goals in life and a sense of how to achieve them, and a correspondence between their efforts and life outcomes. Empowerment as the main goal of Health Care Professionals For health care professionals, empowerment is as an educational process designed to help clients develop the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and self-awareness required to effectively assume responsibility for their health-related decisions. Client empowerment is an approach that aims to establish the clients independence and self-control. Most of the time, the clients are seen as passive receivers of care, with health care providers being considered the experts. Modernisation has brought with it the ideology of client empowerment in which the client should become an expert in his or her own health care. The empowerment approach allows clients to gain skills and knowledge for improving their overall health status. They change from being passive to being actively involved in their personal health care process, and as a result, they feel more independent and experience increased autonomy and participation in decision-making. Self-efficacy is important in rehabilitation. A belief in oneself and the confidence to take charge and make decisions relating to personal care can directly affect the efficacy of treatment and the successful use of the available health care services and equipment. Some approaches that can be used to promote active participation, which increase motivation, include individual interviews, group discussions, posters, handouts, and videos, organizing various rehabilitation activities, including meetings with health care professionals, goal-setting, treatment negotiation and choice, decision-making and explanations of the consequences of noncompliance. Empowerment can be based on the â€Å"five As†: acceptance, affect, autonomy, alliance and active participation according to the Empowerment approach called the ‘patient empowerment model’ by Anderson et al. Acceptance is a key characteristic and refers to the amount of respectfulness shown by health care professional (HCP) towards the client. Regardless of the degree of disability, lifestyle, appearance or attitude of the client, the HCP must accept and take into consideration the goals the individual wants to set. This is because no matter what objectives the HCP wants to set, if they do not meet the clients values, he/she will not improve. Affect refers to the emotional aspect of the empowering therapy sessions. Emotional aspect of the problems and barriers the client has in the managing of his/her disability has many effects. Exploring the emotional aspects and barriers strengthens the client’s motivation to address the problem and methods of behavioura l change. In addition, it gives the HCP an opportunity to support the clients to improve their way of living and help their emotional health. Autonomy means how much the client is involved and participates in the decision making of his/her own life and health choices. The client should be responsible for choosing the issues he/she wishes to target and make all non-diagnostic decisions. The HCP should ensure that these decisions are accurate and evidence-based. During the consultation, the HCP should work as a team, but independently, with clients to help them make informed choices about their disability, lifestyle changes and treatment. The HCP should provide clients with the equipment and resources that they cannot obtain for themselves. The last key feature in an empowering consultation is the active participation of everyone involved in the rehabilitation process. Despite the fact that the client should be the main decision maker, this doesn’t mean that the HCP should be a passive participant. The consultation should be able to help the clients identify the issues they want to address and change, how they feel about it, find the different options of change, and find out with the help of the HCP the barriers of change. The role of the HCP is to actively guide the client throughout the process by listening to the client actively, and gently guiding the client from one stage to another. How is Occupational Therapy empowering for the client Overview to Occupational Therapy People experience life to the fullest through meaningful occupations the day to day skills, activities, interactions and experiences that engage us with our environment, our community and the people around us. Our ability to participate in occupations that are important to us promotes health and well-being. The goal of occupational therapy is to positively influence people’s health by enabling occupation. The primary goal of Occupational therapy is rehabilitation and facilitation of health and wellness in the community of the individual’s choice, rather than to manage symptoms. Occupational therapists work with people in a manner that helps to foster hope, motivation and empowerment, as well as lifestyle changes were necessary. These therapists are educated in the scientific understanding of neurophysiology, psychosocial development, activity and environmental analysis, and group dynamics, occupational therapists work to empower each individual to fully participate and be successful and satisfied in his/her self-selected occupations. Occupational Therapists help with situations such as; Difficulties affecting ones ability to care for oneself or others Returning to work after prolonged illness or injury Learning difficulties in the classroom Mobility problems that impair function in the home/workplace/community Difficulties socializing or enjoy leisure time because of functional changes Home or workplace modifications when accessibility is an issue Where do Occupational therapists work? Hospitals Mental health hospitals / services Rehabilitation centres Private practice Long term care facilities Children’s treatment centres Occupational Engagement Occupational engagement describes how a person has to have a balance of activity and rest, a variety and range of meaningful occupations and routines, and the ability to move around in society and interact socially, implying that occupational engagement occurs over a period of time. Moreover, occupational engagement involves interpretation and comprehension emanating from experience, the process that forms the basis for ongoing occupational engagement and a cyclical means of maintaining a sense of self and well-being. Quality of life is an important indicator of community adjustment, and measurements of quality of life are intended to reflect and capture the current life situation of persons with disabilities. Many clients want to be able to feel empowered in things such as satisfaction with work, leisure, finances, living situation, safety, family relations, social relations, and religion. Within occupational therapy, increased occupational engagement is viewed as a goal toward enhanced quality of life. The role of an occupational therapist often is to offer and provide the conditions necessary for satisfactory quality of life to the person. Client-centred practice Client-centred practice is defined as; â€Å"an approach to service which embraces a philosophy of respect for and partnership with, people receiving services† (Law, et al 1995 p253). Client-centred practice is non-directive and focuses on concerns as expressed by the client. People receiving services are capable of playing an active role in defining and solving problems, with the therapist serving as a facilitator to help solve their problems enabling understanding and proposing solutions. The development of client-centred practice reflected Carl Rogers’ key humanitarian principles of self-actualisation, personal growth and the importance of the environment which are all closely linked specifically in the philosophical framework of occupational therapy. Occupational Therapy is a client-centred health profession concerned with promoting health and well-being through occupation† (WFOT 2010 p4) Client- centred occupational therapy is a partnership between the client and the therapist which empowers the client to engage in functional performance to fulfil his /her occupational roles in a variety of environments. The client participates actively in negotiating goals which are given priority and are at the centre of assessment, intervention and evaluation. Throughout the process the therapist listens to and respects the client’s values, adapts the interventions to meet the client’s needs and enables the client to make informed decisions. Therapists are also required to treat service users with respect and dignity at all times working in partnership with them and their carer, putting them at the centre of practice whilst upholding the service users’ right to make choices over the care they receive and the plans they wish to make. Client-centred practice is now the exclusive domain of occupational therapy and other professions, such as nursing and medicine. These have also endorsed the principles of the client centred approach to encourage working closer with service users. Disability and Occupational Therapy Occupational therapists work in rehabilitation in response to the problem of impairment. Traditional rehabilitation services translated the understanding of disability into strategies that aimed to facilitate or minimize the impact of impairments and their consequences while encouraging the person with impairments to be as independent and normal as possible. Disabled persons typically encounter rehabilitation either at a critical phase after the onset of a disability and/or over a long period of time. Consequently, rehabilitation can dramatically influence how disabled persons come to understand their impairment and the appropriate response to it. Rehabilitation helps disabled persons to work toward the elimination or reduction of their impairments’ and toward conformity with functional or social norms can convey an implicit message that disability is a bad thing that needs to be eliminated or masked from view. Disabled persons consistently report that discrimination and attitudinal barriers negatively impact their self-sufficiency and participation in society. The help mentioned above helps to empower the persons with disability issues to continue enjoying and living their life as independent as they can. Occupational Therapy and Mental Health Occupational therapists also helps people who experience mental health illnesses (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar mood disorder, concurrent disorders, or another condition) to live full, active and more hopeful lives. Occupational therapists work collaboratively with people of all ages; empowering them to determine their goals, lead their care, and work towards recovery. The following are examples of how the knowledge and skill base of OT is used in the process of empowering individuals in all phases of mental health recovery; Help to identify and implement healthy habits, rituals and routines to support a healthy lifestyle. Teach and support the active use of coping strategies to help manage the effect of symptoms of illness on one’s life, including being more organized and able to engage in activities of choice. Support the creation and use of a wellness recovery action plan in group or individual sessions. Provide information to increase awareness of community-based resources, such as peer-facilitated groups and other support options. Barriers that Health Care Professionals face in empowering people with disabilities Health care professionals face various barriers to the successful implementation of empowerment. These can range from practical and physical issues to the complexities of working in a team and the underlying biology of the disability itself. In a clinical situation there is not enough time to be as flexible as you want, some clients would benefit from more work but there is a certain limit of resources such as staff, time and finances. Lack of appropriate equipment, may cause professionals to omit, or not recommend procedures or functional aids for people with disabilities that would otherwise be very helpful to the client. These practical barriers restrict the health care professional from giving the best possible therapy to his/her clients. Another type of barrier that health care professionals might face is the physical barrier of dealing with people with hearing/visual/speech/cognitive impairments as there will be a communication barrier and health care professionals are not always trained to communicate with these kinds of clients. Therapy might not be as empowering to these clients as it will be sort of a passive process because the therapist cannot fully initiate with the client or vice versa. Environmental barriers are also very effective as Health care professionals promote active participation with their clients, however when the person goes in the outside world, he/she might find it difficult to maintain those positive, empowering strategies that he/she was taught. Despite progress in universal design, principles and policies, people with disabilities continue to face an enormous amount of barriers to participating in society. Structures such as parks, fitness facilities, grocery stores, transportation and other recreational facilities are often inaccessible to people with disabilities. Many people with disabilities might show some degree of stress during their rehabilitation process. Stress manifests in various ways that affect health—lowered bodily resistance to disease being one example. Socially, stress can affect the clients immediate surroundings, making it difficult to take positive action. Stress can reduce the efficacy of treatment, therefore health care professionals should assist clients in gaining confidence and improving their outlook. It would also be beneficial if there were health promotion efforts targeted to people with disabilities, this can have a huge impact on improving lifestyle behaviours, increasing quality of life and reducing medical costs. Health professionals and people in the community need to be aware of the growing need to assist people with disabilities in self- managing their own health by creating disability-friendly communities that eliminate the physical, programmatic, and attitudinal barriers that often prevent or limit their participation in many community based health promotion programs. Conclusion References Blanck, P., Martinis, J. (2015). ‘The Right to Make Choices;: The National Resource Center for Supported Decision Making. Inclusion, 3(1), 24-33. doi:10.1352/2326-6988-3.1.24 Rimmer, J., Rowland, J. (2008). Health Promotion for People With Disabilities: Implications for Empowering the Person and Promoting Disability-Friendly Environments. American Journal Of Lifestyle Medicine, 2(5), 409-420. doi:10.1177/1559827608317397 Townsend, E. (1996). Enabling Empowerment: Using Simulations versus Real Occupations. Canadian Journal Of Occupational Therapy, 63(2), 114-128. doi:10.1177/000841749606300204 Wang, L., Dong, J., Gan, H., Wang, T. (2007). EMPOWERMENT OF PATIENTS IN THE PROCESS OF REHABILITATION. Peritoneal Dialysis International, 27(Supplement 2), S32-S34. Retrieved from http://www.pdiconnect.com/content/27/Supplement_2/S32.full Salman, R. (2005). Empowerment: An approach for diabetes education.27(2) Definition of Wellness Dimensions of Wellness,. (2015). Empowerment For Health. Retrieved 9 June 2015, from http://definitionofwellness.com/wellness-dictionary/empowerment-for-health/ Bejerholm, U., Eklund, M. (2007). Occupational engagement in persons with schizophrenia: Relations to self-related variables, psychopathology, and quality of life.61(1), 21-32. Champagne, T., Gray, C. (2011). Occupational therapys role in MEntal health recovery. Kielhofner, G. (2005). Rethinking disability and what to do about it: Disability stidies and its implications for occupational therapy.59(5), 487-496. Occupational therapists: Empowering people with skills for the job of living. MARGARET PARKER, D. (2012). AN EXPLORATION OF CLIENT-CENTRED PRACTICE IN OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY: PERSPECTIVES AND IMPACT (DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY). University of Birmingham.

Capital Punishment Essay example -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Megan Michaux Capital Punishment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As part of a democracy, Americans accept the rights of the county, state and individual. Social order can only exist when people give up the responsibilities of law enforcement to the government. All fifty states have the right to choose whether or not to utilize capital punishment. It is legal in thirty-seven of those states. (www) I believe capital punishment does not violate the Eighth Amendment because it serves as both a deterrent and retributive purpose. Moral justice can be served through the execution of the convicted and there are humane ways in which the government can execute. When the Constitution was drafted, capital punishment was practiced widely in this country, yet it was not specified as wrong or as cruel and unusual. Many of the framers and philosophers of the Constitution supported capital punishment. ( Locke) Citizens under a social contract agree not to kill only because others also agree not to kill. When that bond of trust is broken, the law must take action to maintain balance within the economy. I think that it is the function of laws to prevent murder by demonstrating to everyone that it is not in their best interest to take another person’s life. Capital punishment is the harshest form of punishment enforced in the United States today. Once a jury has convicted a criminal, they agree on a punishment. If the jury recommends capital punishment and the judge agrees, the criminal will then face some form of execution, a punishment that once performed cannot be reversed. Each year there are about 250 people added to Death Row and 35 executed. (www) However, I believe the fear of death discourages people from committing crimes and there must be fear and intimidation. to achieve model citizens and a better society Perhaps one of the biggest objections to capital punishment is the immorality of consenting to kill another human being. Opponents believe that capital punishment is the permissible ... ...is impossible to know who may have been prevented from a committing a crime. Capital punishment is a method of retribution it is as old as civilization itself. Biblical times tell of the execution of great heroes such as Jesus and Joan of Arch, whom were killed for moral differences and religious beliefs. Executions today are used in only extreme cases where the individual is harmful to them self and society. Unfit society members such as Timothy McVay, who was responsible for the Oklahoma City bombing, should allowed back onto the streets, nor should we use the taxpayers’ dollar to sentence them to life imprisonment. The proper justice for such offenders is clearly capital punishment. Capital punishment brings justice to the victims’ families and to the members of society whom were affected by the criminals actions in a humane yet permanent way. For these reasons of justice and societal order capital punishment does not violate the Eighth Amendment. WORKS CITED Block, Eugene B.. When Men Play God: The Fallacy of Capital Punishment. San Francisco: Cragmont Publications, 1983. Locke, John. Second Treatise of Civil Government. Ch 2, Sec 6 www.britannica.com Capital Punishment Essay example -- essays research papers fc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Megan Michaux Capital Punishment  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As part of a democracy, Americans accept the rights of the county, state and individual. Social order can only exist when people give up the responsibilities of law enforcement to the government. All fifty states have the right to choose whether or not to utilize capital punishment. It is legal in thirty-seven of those states. (www) I believe capital punishment does not violate the Eighth Amendment because it serves as both a deterrent and retributive purpose. Moral justice can be served through the execution of the convicted and there are humane ways in which the government can execute. When the Constitution was drafted, capital punishment was practiced widely in this country, yet it was not specified as wrong or as cruel and unusual. Many of the framers and philosophers of the Constitution supported capital punishment. ( Locke) Citizens under a social contract agree not to kill only because others also agree not to kill. When that bond of trust is broken, the law must take action to maintain balance within the economy. I think that it is the function of laws to prevent murder by demonstrating to everyone that it is not in their best interest to take another person’s life. Capital punishment is the harshest form of punishment enforced in the United States today. Once a jury has convicted a criminal, they agree on a punishment. If the jury recommends capital punishment and the judge agrees, the criminal will then face some form of execution, a punishment that once performed cannot be reversed. Each year there are about 250 people added to Death Row and 35 executed. (www) However, I believe the fear of death discourages people from committing crimes and there must be fear and intimidation. to achieve model citizens and a better society Perhaps one of the biggest objections to capital punishment is the immorality of consenting to kill another human being. Opponents believe that capital punishment is the permissible ... ...is impossible to know who may have been prevented from a committing a crime. Capital punishment is a method of retribution it is as old as civilization itself. Biblical times tell of the execution of great heroes such as Jesus and Joan of Arch, whom were killed for moral differences and religious beliefs. Executions today are used in only extreme cases where the individual is harmful to them self and society. Unfit society members such as Timothy McVay, who was responsible for the Oklahoma City bombing, should allowed back onto the streets, nor should we use the taxpayers’ dollar to sentence them to life imprisonment. The proper justice for such offenders is clearly capital punishment. Capital punishment brings justice to the victims’ families and to the members of society whom were affected by the criminals actions in a humane yet permanent way. For these reasons of justice and societal order capital punishment does not violate the Eighth Amendment. WORKS CITED Block, Eugene B.. When Men Play God: The Fallacy of Capital Punishment. San Francisco: Cragmont Publications, 1983. Locke, John. Second Treatise of Civil Government. Ch 2, Sec 6 www.britannica.com

The American West

I believe this cartoon was published in the early 1840's to persuade people to not become Mormons. The Mormons were unpopular during the 1840's as they had different beliefs to the rest of the settlers. They believed they had found the second part to the bible in America, no one really considered the Mormons a serious religion until Joseph Smith set up a church. People were often jealous of the Mormons as the Mormons believed in working hard to obtain success and money. Mormons also followed polygamy like the Native Americans, people disrespected them because of this and as the picture shows the man hiding from his many wives, who are fighting and the children, which are crying on the floor. I believe this cartoon was published in the early 1840's to persuade people to not become Mormons. The cartoon shows an un-ideal life as everyone is making chaos, this would deter people from becoming Mormons as it shows people what is supposed to go on inside the Mormon life. Because people hated the Mormons for whatever reason, the man is put across as a coward as he is hiding away from what is happening. This cartoon was probably used to create a general impression of the Mormons. I think the Mormons were able to complete their journey across the Great Plains and into the Rockies from what I am shown in the source as the Mormon's seem to be well supplied and travelling in large groups. You can tell that the Mormon's were well supplied and organised because they built log houses to keep warm and safe during the winter, we can also assume that the journey was taking them a long time as the log houses are permanent building which would not have been easy to build or move. I don't think the Mormon population suffered that badly during the crossing despite losing 700 people to illness or starvation as due to polygamy there was a lot of children who would grow up to continue the Mormon faith. I think so many people died because of starvation because in the photo there is no evidence of food or any sources of food. The source shows us a scene in which the Mormons seem to be doing quite well as the have shelter, protection and transport as well as this because the Mormons were friendly with the Native Americans they didn't have the fear of raids. Source C tells us that some Mormons didn't find Salt Lake as impressive as they first assumed. They said that the land was beautiful, but there were no resources for building and they were relying on the land to be fertile, otherwise they would have no food. Some of the Mormons would think of ideas that could work, they would then work hard to achieve them as this is what they believed in. Some of the Mormons will have seen prospect in the land and others will have tried to make the most out of what they could see, ‘There is little prospect for log houses, but we can make Spanish bricks', from the journal of William Clayton from the Mormon Pioneer Band which reached Salt Lake first. I believe that the Mormons were disappointed in the appearance of Salt Lake. However they also believed that there was prospect in the land and surrounding area, so they made the most of what they had and since the rest of the settlers hated them they could start a purely Mormon society.

Defilement: Human Sexual Behavior and Child

KENYATTA UNIVERSITY BACCALAUREUS LEGUM – LLB LPR 205 JUDICIAL ATTACHMENT REPORT PRESENTED IN FULFILMENT OF PART OF THE COURSE REQUIREMENTS TITLE OF REPORT: STUDENT NAME: MUTITU EVELYNE . W. STUDENT REGISTRATION No: L95S/7061/2009 WORD COUNT: 4480 ————————————————- DATE OF SUBMITTING REPORT: ————————————————- THURSDAY, 29TH SEPTEMBER 2011 ————————————————- ————————————————- I am aware of academic rules on plagiarism and state that the work covered by this report is my own and does not contain any unacknowledged work from other sources. ————————————————- PRINT NAME: MUTITU EVELYNE . W. ————————————————- SIGNATURE: ————————————————- TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. 0: ABSTACT 1. 1: Objectives 1. 2: Method 2. 0: INTRODUCTION 3. 0: BODY 3. 1: Definition of defilement 3. 2: Background of defilement in Kenya 3. 3: Statistics on defilement in Kenya 3. 4: Perpetrators of defilement in Kenya. 3. : Age of defilement victims in Kenya 3. 6: Possible explanations as to why defilement is on the rise 3. 6. 1: Gender inequality and patriarchal notion s 3. 6. 2: Cultural practises 3. 6. 3: Poverty 3. 6. 4: Cultural and social stereotypes 3. 6. 5: Failed institutions 3. 7: Laws governing the prosecution of sexual violence against children: 3. 7. 1: The constitution 3. 7. 2: Sexual offences act, 2006 3. 7. 3: The children’s act 3. 7. 4: The criminal procedure code 3. 7. 5: The employment act 3. 8: Challenges for seeking redress in sexually assaulted children: 3. 8. 1: Slow judicial system . 8. 2: P3 and PRC form 3. 8. 3: Poor investigation and prosecution 3. 8. 4: Conflicting medical reports 3. 8. 5: Cultural and social stigma in reporting cases 3. 8. 6: Ignorance of the public 3. 8. 7: Gender desks 4. 0: CONCLUSION: 4. 1: Possible avenues of dealing with defilement 4. 1. 1: Applying the equality provisions in the new constitution 4. 1. 2: Civic education 4. 1. 3: Advanced technology in collecting evidence 4. 1. 4: Legislation to curb cultural practises encouraging defilement 4. 1. 5: Special desks in police stations for sex ually assaulted victims 4. . 6: Homes for abused children 4. 1. 7: The sexual offences act 4. 2: In summery 4. 3: Acknowledgement 4. 4: Recommendation 5. 0: References: 5. 1: Statutes 5. 2: other sources DEFILEMENT MENACES A FREQUENT GUEST IN THE CORRIDORS OF JUSTICE: 1. 0: ABSTRACT: 1. 1: OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to find out why the number of defilement cases is increasing daily yet most of the other crimes are decreasing. It is also meant to find out if the judiciary is doing enough to curb this social evil and if has played any role in its rise. 1. 2: METHOD: I spent two months at Limuru law court and I listened to numerous defilement trials. I held several discussions with the Magistrate and children officers and consulted numerous researches done on the same. 2. 0: INTRODUCTION: Under the SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT (2006) a person who defiles a child aged eleven years or below shall upon conviction be sentenced to imprisonment for life; if the child is aged between 12 and 15 years, the term of imprisonment shall not less than 20years; and if the child is between 16-18 years old, the defiler faces a term of no less than 15 years behind bars. These are penalties that one would hope would scare the wits out of any person who is at least of reasonably sound mind from conceiving the slightest idea of defiling a minor in Kenya, but judging from the rampant cases of defilement this is not so. The make-up of the society is that a parent gives birth to a child and natures it, teaching it to grow into a responsible human being. The teacher then takes up the responsibility of nurturing when the child is about four years of age impacting knowledge on the child. The church impacts moral values on the child and the rest of the society moulds this child in preparation for greater responsibilities in the future. A child is a vulnerable member of society as they can barely survive on their own. The society is mandated with the responsibility of protecting the child but it has abandoned that responsibility and even those closest to these children are hurting them. About one in every five reported crimes around Limuru area was a sexual offence and most of them being defilement cases. This disturbing practise has not only affected the girl child but even the boy child is no longer safe. The shocking revelation is that half of the defilement cases are by a relative followed by Close family friends, teachers and very few have strangers involved. Most of the children are defiled at their homes, at a relative’s house, on their way to school or to the shop. The home which was a safe heaven for every child is no longer safe and neither are the schools where these children spend the better part of their day. Several questions linger in the mind as one tries to figure out why Kenyan society has seemingly turned this way. Was this evil ever-present but just not reported in the way it is today? Is it a sad reality recently revealed, or a growing modern menace? Does it derive from ignorance, perversity, or just plain evil? Are these the tell-tale signs of the last days as described in the Book of Revelations as some would have it, or are they just illustrations of a decaying society? And how do we stop this abomination? One does not have to be a devout Christian to hope a millstone will be cast about the neck of each and every perpetrator before they are thrown into the water. Neither does one have to be a reactionary to believe that the development of our modern society has had a role to play. Either way, this appalling issue has to be urgently addressed. 3. 0: BODY: 3. 1: DEFINATION OF DEFILMENT: Oxford dictionary: to damage the purity or the appearance of something. Sexual Offences Act: S. 8 a person who commits an act which causes penetration with a child. . 2: BACKGROUND OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN KENYA: The African man has always been viewed as superior to the woman. Most of the African cultures portray the man as a superior being who should be obeyed without question. On the other hand the woman is painted as a submissive creature availed for the pleasure of men. This is aptly demonstrated in most of the Kenyan cultures. For example, the kikuyu culture calls the man mundu murume the word murume is derived from the word urume which means extremely courageous. In contrast, the woman is known as mutumia which is derived from the word tumia which means use. This is a major reason why the kikuyu man not only considers himself as the dominant sex but also sees a woman simply as a vessel for his use (Kariuki 2004). Most cultures portray the girl child as an investment and usually when her time to get married comes what matters is the bride price they will receive. Often when a girl is getting married her parents will advise her to obey her husband and take care of him lest he will demand back the bride price (Davison 1989). The boy child on the other hand is brought up being taught that it is weakness for a man to succumb to emotion as it makes you like a woman. And as most men age, they learn to cancel out or deny erotic sensations that are not specifically linked to what they think a real man is to feel (Stoltenberg 1989:33). The boys are raised up learning that a man gives instructions that should be followed without question and even couple of Kenyan communities have encouraged chastising of women. Being a man is measured through violence and sex capability. So, when masculinity is associated with aggression and sex conquest ,domineering sexual behavior and violence become not only a means of structuring power relations between men and women , but also a way of establishing power relations among men (Heise 1995). In Kenya, it reaches its most extreme expression possibly among the Gusii, for which LeVine (1959) wrote that all sexual intercourse was played as rape with women even in marriage expected to resist 3. 3: STATISTICS ON DEFILEMENT IN KENYA: * In 1991- in a mixed boys’ school, boys invaded girls’ dormitory and raped 70 girls leading to 19 deaths. 2 May 1992, 15 girls were raped at Hawinga Girls, Nyanza province. * A joint report by TSC and a non-profitable organization revealed that 12660 students were sexually abused by their male teachers from 2003-2007. Out of all these only 633 teachers were charged with sexual abuse. * In 2010 more than 1000 teachers were fired for sexually abusing girls. * In a standard newspap er article published on 09/02/2010 there was a story of a teacher who defiled a deaf girl getting her pregnant. * In 2004, 140 cases of students being defiled by teachers were reported, in 2008, 100 cases were reported and in 2009, 122 cases were reported. Out of every 100 rape cases handled by police, child rights groups, and selected hospitals, 40 were committed by fathers; according to the study conducted by the Chambers of Justice * Police statistics showed that rape and defilement were the most prevalent crimes in 2010 even as other offences reduced by 5%. * Out of 57826 crimes reported in 2010, 785 were rapes and 2660 were defilements. In 2009 729 were rapes and 2242 were defilements. * A report given by the media in 2005 showed the following results: MONTH| RAPE| DEFILEMENT| July| 33| 51| August| 10| 22| September| 3| 28| October| 0| 15| November| 7| 18| December| 6| 27| TOTAL| 59| 161| * 42 cases of sodomy were also reported between July and December of 2005. 3. 4: PERPETRATORS: Several researches have shown that fathers are the greatest perpetrators out of 100 reported cases 40 are by fathers. Other family members, neighbors, teachers and gangs are also topping the list. A research paper titled, â€Å"A media coverage on sexual violence and its implication on educational leadership† carried out by J. wanjiku Khamasi & Wanjiru Muita showed the following results. OFFENDER PROFILE BY NUMBER OF INCIDENCES REPORTED: In R v MICHINO NJOROGE, LIMURU SPM, CR 69 OF 2011, 08/06/2011. The accused person was a cousin to the victim. In R v GODFREY MUGENDI NYAGAH. LIMURU SPM, CR 926 0F 2011, 27/06/2011, the accused was a neighbour. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO. LIMURU SPM, CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011, the accused was a cousin to the victim and he even impregnated her forcing her to procure an abortion as she had a heart problem which couldn’t allow her to carry the pregnancy at her age. In R v MOSES WAFULA. LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011,28/07/2011 The accused was a father to the victim. These are just a few examples of the many defilement cases in Limuru carried out by either a family member or a neighbour. 3. 5: AGE OF DEFILEMENT VICTIMS: Defilers are going for younger girls every single day. In Limuru the victims were aged between 9 to 15 years. In R v ANTHONY NJIHIA WANGARI. LIMURU SPM CR 401 OF 2011 29/06/2011. The victim was a 9year old girl. In R v CHARLES KIEMO LIMURU SPM CR 1130 OF 2010, 18/07/2011. The victims were boys aged 12 and 14 years. In R v MOSES WAFULA. LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011. 28/07/2011, the victim was a 10 year old girl. Researches have shown that even one month old babies are being defiled. ( J. wanjiku Khamasi & Wanjiru Muita) in a research paper titled â€Å"violence against women† by Winnie . v. mitulla show that in 1996, 9 children of age 2 – 4; 12 of age 5 – 7; 10 of age 8 – 10; 8 of age 11 – 13 and 6 of age 14 were defiled; whereas in 1995, 7 children of age 2 – 4; 13 of age 5 – 7; 22 of age 8 – 10; 7 of 11 – 13 and 10 of 14 – 16 were defiled. hese may not be the exact numbers but they paint a vague picture of how children are suffering in the hands of defilers. 3. 6: POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS OF WHY DEFILEMENT IS ON THE RISE: 3. 6. 1: GENDER INEQUALITY AND PATRIACAL NOTIONS: The Kenyan society has been natured in a way suggesting that the man is superior while the woman is inferior and is meant to be submissive to the man. As a result most women lack the ability to protect their children from their abusive husbands. Some even leave their matrimonial homes due to the degree of suffering inflicted by their husbands leaving behind their children. I was reading a blog ion the internet where a girl narrates her ordeal after her mother left due to constant beating by her father. As the first born she assumed her mother’s duties which included having sex with her father who forced her to share a bed with him. In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The accused person actually threatened to kill the victim, who was his daughter, and her mother if he was sent to jail. The mother to the accused was quoted saying that his son was the man of the house and his wife had no right to question his actions 3. 6. : CULTURAL PRACTISES: Some of the cultural practises in Kenya have done more harm than good to the Kenyan child. An example is the Samburu community which practises a cultural practise known as beading. They justify this practise claiming it prevents promiscuity when instead it encourages incest. Beading means that a girl as young as 9 years old is engaged to a relative sometimes as old as her grandfat her by use of traditional attires popularly referred to as beads. During the engagement, the admirer places a special necklace around the girl's neck to signify he has officially booked the young one. He follows this by bringing beads in large quantities which are also put in girl's neck as a sign of official commencement of intimate relationship though it does not lead to marriage as the two are related. The â€Å"couple† is allowed to have sexual intercourse but pregnancy is highly forbidden. Incas it does happen, it has to be terminated immediately despite the high risks involved. Early marriage which has been a widely practised culture is also defilement in its own sense because girls as young as 5years are forcefully married to older men. In a research paper entitled ‘gender, sexuality, and HIV’ a girl from Amhara Ethiopia is quoted saying that,† she hates early marriages as she was married off at five years and first had sex at 9 years. She says that her in-laws forced her to sleep with her husband who made her suffer all night and after that night whenever day became night she was worried that she would go through the same ordeal. † In R v MOSES WAFULA, LIMURU SPM CR 451 OF 2011, 28TH JULY 2011. The victim while giving her evidence tried to withdraw her statement that her father had defiled her. On realising this, the prosecutor informed the magistrate and when they carried out an inquiry it came to their attention that the victim and the mother had been threatened by the accused’s mother. When we were in chambers the magistrate told us that in some customs fathers have sexual intercourse with their daughters as a way of appreciating themselves for raising them up. It sounds so absurd but it’s actually happening. 3. 6. 3: POVERTY: Poverty in Kenya has become a reason for every social evil. Children have to look for casual work in order to assist their parents in meeting basic needs. Incidences where a student was defiled while cleaning or fetching water for their teachers are very common. Aside from that some children are defiled and their defilers offer compensation to their parents who quickly take their money focusing on their economic problems. In R v JOHN NJIHIA KAHURO, LIMURU SPM CR 256 OF 2010, 30/06/2011. The accused was the victim’s cousin and he actually impregnated her. The father of the accused offered to compensate but luckily the victim’s mother in this case refused to accept it. However very many defilement cases go unreported as parents prefer to take the money leaving this social evil unpunished. Powerful men in the society also defile young girls and go unpunished as they are able to bribe the police and magistrates earning their freedom. This encourages people with power and money to take advantage of children as they know they can easily get away with it. 3. 6. 4: CULTURAL& SOCIAL STEREOTYPES: According to the Pocket Oxford Dictionary, a stereotype is a ‘person or thing seeming to conform to a heavily accepted type’. Sex-role stereotypes have also been defined as ‘the rigidly held and oversimplified beliefs that MALES & FEMALES possess distinct (and similar) psychological traits and characteristics. ‘Traditionally, the female stereotypic role is to marry and have children. She is also to put her family's welfare before her own; be loving, compassionate, caring, nurturing, and sympathetic; and find time to be sexy and feel beautiful. The male stereotypic role is to be the financial provider. He is also to be assertive, competitive, independent, courageous, and career-focused; hold his emotions in check; and always initiate sex. Owing to the expectation that men should be breadwinners in the family, men turn to aggression in an attempt to suppress their status and continue dominating their wives or their close female relations when they perceive an economic rise by them. This means that the woman remains dependant on the man and condones his violent acts. This affects the children as they have no one to protect them as their mothers are week. Most of these girls believe they should be submissive and end up not even telling anyone their ordeal. Which is why some cases will go undiscovered unless the girl gets pregnant or contracts a disease. The woman is meant to keep herself for her husband and society views a lady who is not a virgin as lose. The value attached to female chastity is so high that even where a woman is a survivor of sexual abuse, the typical community response is to isolate and stigmatise her. The shame and stigma attached to sexual violence, and the lenient penalties meted out on offenders in formal and traditional judicial systems, silences survivors. 3. 6. 5: FAILED INSTITUTIONS: The collapse of the rule of law in conflict situations encourages sexual crimes on a massive scale. The difference between the protector and the perpetrator is not clear anymore. The perpetrators and perpetuators of sexual violence in conflict and non-conflict settings are categorised into three groups. First the disciplined forces e. g. the police, army et. al. secondly family members and the community and thirdly the structures and institutions of protection (the government and its organs, UN, AU, and other humanitarian organisations). It is often difficult to tackle impunity for sexual crimes committed during conflict because perpetrators and perpetuators often take up powerful positions in post-conflict governments. This gives them an avenue to intimidate their victims. The UN and similar institutions refuse to take responsibility for these crimes. Their correction policy often entails forwarding offenders together with reports on them to their respective countries’ judicial systems. This practise takes away any hope of justice for the survivors. This is very evident in Kenya as very many children were defiled during the 2007-2008 post-election violence and 4 years down the line no justice has been granted. We are only hoping that the ICC can give the survivors some peace of mind but we all know that, that is still miles away from happening. 3. 7: LAWS GOVERNING THE PROSECUTION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN: 3. 7. 1: The Constitution of Kenya: the bill of rights S. 53(1) (d) states that every child has a right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural Practises, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment and hazardous or exploitive labour. . 7. 2: Sexual Offences Act, 2006: defilement of a child: * Aged 11 years or less- life imprisonment. * Aged between 12-15 years- not less than 20years. * Aged between 16- 18 years- not less than 15 years 3. 7. 3: The Children’s Act, 2001: S. 13(1) provides that a child is entitled to protection from physical and psychological abuse, neglect and any oth er form of exploitation including sale, trafficking or abduction by any person. 3. 7. 4: The Criminal Procedure Code, cap 75 of the laws of Kenya: S. 186 3. 7. 5: The Employment Act, 2007: S. 6 3. : CHALLENGES FOR SEEKING REDRESS IN SEXUALLY ASSAULTED CHILDREN: 3. 8. 1: SLOW JUDICIAL SYSTEM: It becomes very frustrating for the complainant, the children, and those filing the suit on behalf of the children when a matter takes over two years to be resolved. The prosecution tends to seek endless adjournments for various reasons to wit, lack of police file, witness not being in court, absence of the doctor or the investigating officer amongst other things. Courts are supposed to be liberators but instead they have become instruments of subjugation. 3. 8. 2: P3 AND PRC FORM: Defilement victims are required to fill a P3 form after being examined at a government hospital however the P3 form is not detailed and is inadequate to fill. The PRC form was introduced during the national reproductive health strategy 2009-2012 it was meant to replace the P3 form but some doctors have said it’s too detailed and it feels like a research tool, whereas the P3 Form is very basic as it catches the physical state and any injuries to the genitalia, with special reference to the labia majora, labia minora, vagina, cervix and also notes presence of discharge or venereal diseases. The P3 form is supposed to be given free of charge but in some hospitals in rural areas it is sold at ksh. 1500 which they say is the doctor’s fee to go and testify in court and this makes some people prefer to spend that money on other basic needs rather than on a document. 3. 8. 3: POOR INVESTIGATIONS AND PROSECUTIONS: Police prosecutors have little knowledge on the essentials of evidence. This makes their prosecution very poor and the experienced advocates have a very easy time defeating the prosecution case. The police also tend to mishandle exhibits and there are endless incidences of missing police files. There is also a lot of corruption within the police circles especially if the accused person is influential or one of them. 3. 8. 4: CONFLICTING MEDICAL REPORTS: When the victim is defiled they go hospital for first aid, they are then sent to a government hospital for the P3 form to be filled. In most cases the doctor who treat the victim and the one who fills the P3 form give conflicting reports putting reasonable doubt in the prosecution case. 3. 8. 5: CULTURAL AND SOCIAL STIGMA IN REPORTING CASES: In most Kenyan cultures topics on sex are still discussed in hushed tones. The importance of a girl being married as a virgin is still over emphasized. This means that a defiled child is unclean and is hence stigmatised. In some cases the child is even blamed. Some parents silence their children as they believe if people know no one will want to marry them and if anyone does the bride price will be very little. This makes most people opt for other methods of conflict resolution. 3. 8. 6: IGNORANCE OF THE PUBLIC: Despite the many awareness programs and campaigns carried out most Kenyans still have no idea of what they should do in the case of sexual violence. Most will not go to hospital as they do not know about the 72 hours policy. Others will clean the defiled child and the clothes they were wearing hence destroying evidence, making the police reluctant to prosecute due to lack of physical evidence. 3. 8. 7: GENDER DESKS: Police have no skills on how to handle cases of sexual abuse. There are minimum resources to equip and train police officers on how to effectively manage gender desks. 4. 0: CONCLUSION: 4. 1: POSSIBLE AVENUES OF DEALING WITH DEFILEMENT: 4. 1. 1: APPLYING THE EQUALITY PROVISIONS IN THE NEW CONSTITUTION: S. 9: entitles everyone to the right of freedom and security. Which includes the right not to be subjected to any form of violence from either public or private sources. S. 53: Every child has a right to be protected from abuse, neglect, harmful cultural practices, all forms of violence, inhuman treatment and punishment, and hazardous or exploitative labour S. 27: states that everyone is equal before the law and have a right to equal protection and equal benefits under the law. These provisions emphasize that a child is as important as every other person and should be protected. If we emphasize these provisions then we will all take it upon ourselves to protect children from this inhuman practise. Each one of us will know we have a responsibility to protect the child. 4. 1. 2: CIVIL EDUCATION: We need to educate Kenyans that defilement is not the victim’s fault and that emergency measures need to be taken in the case of a child being defiled. they need to understand that it is in the best interest of the child to be taken to a hospital within the first 72 hours as it makes it possible to prevent some sexually transmitted infections. It also ensures that there is unquestionable evidence making prosecution easier. 4. 1. 3: ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN COLLECTING EVIDENCE: It may be definite that a child was defiled but at times it becomes hard to connect the accused person to that crime. Measures like DNA need to be incorporated in collecting evidence in defilement cases. This is to ensure that the defence has very little avenues to create doubt as the burden of proof in criminal cases is very high. It will also add weight to the P3 form evidence. 4. 1. : LEGISLATION TO CURB CULTURAL PRACTISES ENCOURAGING DEFILEMENT: As earlier stated in this paper some of our cultures are the reason why we are still struggling with defilement in Kenya. It’s about time parliament enacted laws that curb practises that infringe the rights of children exposing them to sexual violence and exploitation. The government has a responsibility to protect its citizens and children are part of that responsibility. Severe punishments should b e set for parents who marry off their young daughters, those carrying out FGM, those practising things like beading among others. We are our culture however that does not justify inhuman practises that ruin tomorrow’s generation. 4. 1. 5: SPECIAL DESKS IN POLICE STATIONS FOR SEXUALLY ASSAULTED VICTIMS: The government needs to train some officers to specifically deal with sexual assaulted victims. There should be a special desk for sexually assaulted victims where they will be accorded special care and advised on the measures they should take. They should also accord these victims protection from further abuse. 4. 1. 6: HOMES FOR ABUSED CHILDREN: Children being abused in their own homes should be taken away by children officers and placed in homes. This way they will be protecting these children from more harm. They will also give these children counselling and hopefully these children can live a normal life someday. 4. 1. 7: THE SEXUAL OFFENCES ACT: I still feel like the life sentence is too lenient. A person who defiles a child as young as 3months old is not any better than a murderer because a child this young has very few chances of a normal life after that ordeal. I strongly feel castration is a punishment that should be incorporated into the act. No disorder or any other explanation people have attempted to offer can justify this inhumanity and with the rate at which it’s raising people need to realise the seriousness of their actions. 4. 2: IN SUMMERY: Defilement is an evil that’s on the rise every day in this country. And it’s not just the girl child crying out but even the boy child is no longer safe. Children are Kenya’s future and if we don’t destroy this villain called defilement in a few years we will be having a generation of abused, angry and people craving for revenge. This will breed a generation of criminals which means we are destroying Kenya’s tomorrow. So we all have a mandate to stop this evil. I hope by the time i am admitted into the bar I will not experience what I saw during my judicial attachment. 4. 3: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: I would like to thank the school for the chance and support through my judicial attachment. I would also like to thank madam Ireri, Limuru resident magistrate, for her devoted support and all the Limuru court staff in general. 4. 4: RECOMMENDATION: I recommend this this report to NGOs dealing with sexual violence and children rights, Legal scholars and the public in general. 5. 0: REFERENCES: 5. 1: STATUTES: 1. The Sexual Offences Act,2006 2. The Children Act 3. The Constitution 2010 4. ANPPCAN Kenya chapter. 5. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. 6. Limuru Law Courts Case Law 5. 2: OTHER SOURCES: 1. J. Wanjiku Khamasi & Wairimu Muita. (1991). WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION. Media Coverage of Sexual Violence and its Implications on Educational Leadership. retrieved August 08,2011, from www. kaeam. r. ke/e-journal/articles/vol1/wanjikufulltext. pdf 2. Kenya country profile. (April 2009). Retrieved August 08, 2010, from www. cartercenter. org/peace/human_rights/defenders/†¦ /kenya. html 3. Sasha Hart. (August 9 2011). Police (in)action as an access to justice barrier for â€Å"defilement† victims. Retrieved august 12, 2011, from www. blogs. mcgill. ca/humanrightsinterns/2011/08/09/police-inaction-as-an-access-to- justice-barrier-for-defilement-victims/ 4. Christine Kung’u. (January, 24 2011). â€Å"160 Girls† University of Toronto, IHRP Panel Presentation. Retrieved August 12 2011 from, www. theequalityeffects. org/pdfs/160%20girls. pdf 5. Standard team. (June 1 2005). Shocking statistics on fathers defiling daughters. Retrieved August 13 2011 from, www. groups. yahoo. com/group/MahdiUnite/message/7472 6. Winnie V. Mitullah. (July 1997). violence against women. Retrieved August 15 2011 from,www. ieakenya. or. ke/documents/Profiling%20Women%20in%20Kenya. pdf 7. Gender sensitivity. (February 2000). Retrieved on August 17 2011 from, www. unesco. org/education/mebam/module_5. pdf