Same Sex Marriage Essay Example for Free

Same Sex Marriage Essay Nancy Gill has been working for the American Postal office for almost 23 years but unlike other employees who can provide health benefits for their families, she cannot provide the same for her spouse because of one reason – she is married to a woman. Gill and her spouse, Marcelle Letourneau were married in Massachusetts in 2004 and now, they are challenging the federal law Defense of Marriage Act or DOMA that â€Å"defines marriage as a being between a man and a woman† (Seelye). The couple are backed up by Gay and Lesbian Advocates and Defenders together with 15 other couples who also complained about DOMA. The same sex couples are fighting against DOMA because they claim that DOMA makes same sex marriage look very immoral. Also, it gives a big burden on same sex couples because â€Å"ended up hurting such couples by making them pay twice for health insurance, for example, or denying them death benefits† (Seelye). The Obama administration disagrees with DOMA but as of the moment, there is nothing drastic they can do about it because it is not unconstitutional. The issue here is not whether to allow same-sex marriage; five states and the District of Columbia have allowed it but it does not change the fact that couples in same sex marriages are left out of the benefits that the typical heterosexual couple receives. As one may notice, same sex marriages are not legal in all the parts of the United States. Only some states have approved of it and as of the moment, same sex marriages are not really prioritized by law as seen in the article. They are not given the same benefits as normal couples. Anthropology is useful in the subject of same sex marriage because the study of anthropology has documented the development of same sex marriage from all over the world. For example, it is only in some societies that same sex marriage is allowed such as Spain, Canada, the Netherlands and Belgium (Haviland et al, 20). Anthropology tells us that the development of same sex marriage is different depending on the society because â€Å"it is human societies that define the boundaries of social relationships† (20). According to many feminist anthropologists, the reason why same sex marriage is not readily acceptable in the society of the United States is because the societys has allowed men to dictate on the womens sexuality and make rules for it (Lewin et al, 71). That kind of society is called patriarchal and in that society, men use sexuality as a tool to dominate and oppress women through sexual objectification (71). From the feminist perspective, sex, marriage and family were all tools used by men to limit women to heterosexuality and as a result, under the male power. Anthropologists point out how males dominate the females in many aspects of culture and society. Examples of these are â€Å"arranged and child marriages, brideprice, foot-binding, purdah (the segregation of women from men typical in some Islam societies), veiling, the chastity belt, clitoridectomies, and female infanticide† (71-72). Practices like these are made by society to make sure that women are always paired up with men. That is how men dominate women in society through major and minor cultural and societal practices. Given this information, it is not a surprise as to why same sex couples are having a hard time attaining rights that are equal to the typical heterosexual marriage or marriage to the opposite sex. As stated above, DOMA dictates that marriage is a union between a man and a woman, not a union of two men or two women respectively. DOMA is a law created by the government, a patriarchal institution. The government patronizes heterosexual unions, which is a political institution in itself. Heterosexuality is a â€Å"political union that makes women less powerful† (71). Society goes by heterosexuality and dictates that women should always end up with men. The fact that there are more women nowadays who are open to same sex marriages is a threat to the political institutions because women, after all, can have the freedom to choose whether or not they would like to marry and who they will marry. This fact is unacceptable to society because it does not agree with the rules of societal relations that have been established. If one goes back to history, marriage in most cultures have always been known to be a union between a man and a woman. The union of two sexes is still highly unthinkable for many societies because in that union, most likely there is no more inequality between the two entities because they are of the same sex. Same sex marriage may be accepted in some states but it does not mean that it is warmly accepted. Life for same sex couples is still difficult because society sees it as a breaking away from the norms. Same sex unions are making progress in gaining acceptance but they still have a long way to go. After all, we are still governed by a patriarchal society. sWorks Cited Haviland, William et al. The Essence of Anthropology. California: Thomas Wadsworth, 2007. Lewin, Ellin Leap, William, eds. Out in Theory: The Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Anthropology. Illinois: University of Illinois, 2002. s Seelye, Katharine. â€Å"Marriage Law is Challenged as Equaling Discrimination. † New York Times,May 6, 2010. http://www. nytimes. com/2010/05/07/us/07doma. html. Accessed

Change Blindness Essay -- Health Medical Medicine Essays

Change Blindness After investigating spatial cognition and the construction of cognitive maps in my previous paper, "Where Am I Going? Where Have I Been: Spatial Cognition and Navigation", and growing in my comprehension of the more complex elements of the nervous system, the development of an informed discussion of human perception has become possible. The formation of cognitive maps, which serve as internal representations of the world, are dependent upon the human capacities for vision and visual perception (1). The objects introduced into the field of vision are translated into electrical messages, which activate the neurons of the retina. The resultant retinal message is organized into several forms of sensation and is transmitted to the brain so that neural representations of given surroundings may be recorded as memory (2). I suggested in my previous paper that these neural representations must be maintained and progressively updated with each successive change in environment and movement of the eye. Furthermore, I claimed that this information processing produces a constant, stable experience of a dynamic, external world (1). However, myriad studies and the testimony of any motorist who has had the unfortunate experience of hitting an unseen object, contradict the universality of that claim and illuminate a startling reality: human beings do not always see those objects presented in their visual field nor alterations in an observed scene (3,4,5,6,7,8,9). The failure to consciously witness change when distracted for mere milliseconds by saccade or artificial blink events is referred to as "change blindness." In order to comprehend this phenomenon, the physical act of looking and the process of seeing must be diffe... ...47/print 5)Cognet, a site on Cognition http://cognet.mit.edu/perspective/item.tcl?msg_id=00005N 6)Memory For centrally attended changing objects in an incidental real world change, An article by Levin, Simons, Angelone, and Chabris http://wjg.harvard.edu/~cfc/Levin2002.pdf 7) Scott-Brown, K.C. & Orbach, H.S. (1998) "Contrast Discrimination, Non-Uniform Patterns and Change Blindness". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 256 (1410): 2159-2164. 8)Max Planck Institute http://wjg.harvard.edu/~cfc/Levin2002.pdf 9)A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness , Behavioral and Brain Sciences article from 2001 http://www.bbsonline.org/documents/a/00/00/05/06/bbs00000506-00/index.html 10)Glasgow Caledonian University, current research in vision sciences http://www.gcal.ac.uk/sls/Vision/index.htmlresearch/current_research/h.html

Compare and Contrast ‘Sonnet 130’ with ‘Blessing’

Compare and Contrast ‘Sonnet 130’ with ‘Blessing’ In this essay I am going to discuss and explore ‘Sonnet 130’ by William Shakespeare and ‘Blessing’ by Imtiaz Dharker. I will focus on the differences and similarities between both poems in terms of language, themes and poetic devices. I feel that ‘Sonnet 130’ seems to imply the fact that Shakespeare is insulting his Mistress. He does so by saying what she is not. He says negative things about her appearance and voice. The ‘Blessing’ poem is about people and children in a slum and their reaction towards water.They believe it as the ‘Voice of a kindly god’ because they hardly get any water in the slum. Water is rare to them. The poems are similar in that they are both descriptive poems. The ‘Blessing’ by Dharker describes how the people in the slum would react and feel if there was a sudden outburst of water. As I have mentioned befor e water is rare to them and they feel it is a gift from god. We know this because in the poem it says ‘imagine the drip of it, the small splash, echo in a tin mug, the voice of a kindly god. In this stanza he is describing how rarely they get water and how much they believe just the sound of it makes them feel like it’s the sound of a kindly god. However, in ‘Sonnet 130’ Shakespeare is describing his mistress and how awful she looks and sounds. We know this because in Sonnet ‘130’ he says ‘I have seen roses damasked, red and white, But no such roses do I see in her cheeks. ’ By this line he is stating that ‘damasked roses’, meaning large and fragrant roses, are not what his Mistress’ cheeks are like.Another example is ‘And in some perfumes there is more delight, than in the breath that from my mistress reeks’. Shakespeare is saying that in perfume there is more delight in smelling it rather than his mistress’ breath which he says reeks-foul smelling. A difference between the two poems in terms of language is that Shakespeare uses old English as he was a poet, playwright in the 16th and 17th century whereas Dharker is a more of a modern day poet. For instance ‘That music hath a far more pleasing sound’. In this line Shakespeare uses the word ‘hath’ which is the old English word for ‘has’.But Dharker uses words that are from the modern day. Another similarity between the two poems is that both poems use enjambment. In Shakespeare’s sonnet the enjambment falls between the lines ‘And in some perfumes there is more delight than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. ’ After the word ‘delight’ the rest of the sentence is on another line. Then after the word ‘reeks’ there is a fullstop where the enjambment ends. A difference between both the poems is that Dharker’s poem is a normal poem and Shakespeare’s poem is a sonnet.A sonnet is a poem with fourteen lines that has a unique rhythm called an iambic pentameter. However Dharker’s poem is a normal poem that describes people’s reaction to water in a slum. Similes are used in both these poems. A simile is when you compare one thing to another thing that is common and easy to picture in your mind. In other words a good poetic device used to create an image in your head. In ‘Blessing’ Dharker uses the simile ‘The skin cracks like a pod. ’ Dharker means that, because there is hardly ever any water in the slum the ground cracks like a pod.By using a simile he has compared the ground to something common and created an image in my head. Shakespeare uses many similes in ‘Sonnet 130’. One of many examples is ‘My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun’. He is saying that his mistress’ eyes aren’t shiny and beautiful like the sun in fact they are the complete opposite. Both poems also use metaphors. A metaphor is a poetic device that is used to compare two things. It does so by comparing something to something else that is literally not possible. For example in Shakespeare’s poem he says ‘Coral s far more red, than her lips. ’ Shakespeare is explaining that his mistress’ lips are nothing like the coral. He is comparing it to coral because coral is red and having red lips is good but his mistress does not have nice lips. In ‘Blessing’ a example of a metaphor is ‘naked children screaming in the liquid sun’. By the words ‘liquid sun’ she means they feel as if heat is being poured over them and that’s why they have been longing for water. The theme of the poem ‘Blessing’, meaning the central idea or the main focus, is how people and children feel and react when they see water.It also focus’ on why they react this way an d how they feel when water is not there and how they are praying for it and when they finally do get water, they feel as if their prayers have been answered. We know this because in the second stanza they say ‘imagine the drip of it, the small splash, echo in a tin mug, the voice of a kindly god. ’ This stanza is explaining that when they hear the sound of water they feel as if it is the sound of a kindly god. However the theme of Shakespeare’s poem is totally different to the theme of ‘Blessing’. The theme of Shakespeare poem is him insulting his Mistress and how grotesque she looks.We know this because in his sonnet all of his lines are insults. For instance, ‘If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. ’ He says that, if wires could grow on people’s heads then that is what is growing on his Mistress’ head. Overall I think that both these poems have used a range of poetic devices. There stanzas and line are relevant to their theme. I have discovered that both poems have a number of similarities and differences between them. They both have a good use of imagery and they are easy to understand. By Geerthana Sankar 8GR1 6C

Declaration On The Elimination Of Violence Against Women...

United Nations in Article 1 - Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women defines domestic violence as any act of gender based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.[1]. As was ruled by the Supreme Court in Section 177(1) of the Housing Act, domestic violence can occur psychologically, physically or emotionally and also any other form of abuse which, directly or indirectly, may give rise to the risk of harm [3]. As reported in the Fornah case [4], common violent acts include Female genital mutilation, forced marriage, forced prostitution and sexual slavery. Mental violence also is now recognised as a form of violence as was established in Yemshaw v Hounslow London Borough Council [5]. Domestic violence is wrongly associated mostly with the female gender due to historic gen der-based discrimination as mentioned by Bonita Meyersfeld in [2]. This is not usually the case, as children and men also have been victims of violence even in recent times. In 2012/13, figures from England and Wales confirm that domestic violence is of significant importance both in the domestic and international law. It showed that there were 1.2 million female and 700,000 male victims of domestic abuse. The data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales suggests that thirty percentShow MoreRelatedThe International Context Of Violence Against Women Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pagesatrocities being perpetrated against women in various forms, combinations and modes. 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Human trafficking ranks in third place, after drugs and arms trade, in terms of the amounts of money involved. It is a form of slavery, a violation of human rights, and constitutes a crime against the individual and the state together, and the crime that affects human security and is the security of the state alike. It also represents a threat to the sovereignty and security of nations, and a serious violation of the global economy. Thus, this

Article Review On The, Depression, Illness And Blanced...

Spirituality, Depression, Illness And Blanced Living By Stewart Bitkoff | Submitted On October 23, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Stewart Bitkoff Balanced Living 1) What is balanced living? From the point of a spiritual search, why is balance important? Much spiritual practice can be defined as an attempt to reach and maintain balance, on a worldly level, so that the spiritual consciousness might awaken and come forward. One of the characteristics of our physical body is the continual effort to maintain a state of homeostasis and relative quiet. From a spiritual perspective this quiet or balance is necessary so that that the traveler may go beyond the surface level and experience what is far below, in the quiet depths, ultimately using this awareness consciously in daily life. In every day life what is required, is a balance between our mental, physical, emotional and spiritual needs; to fully engage in the world, each bodily system necessary to express the many parts of our self. It is said, the entire system must be operating and in balance- in order to achieve full active living and a state of optimal health. In fact, this is one of the requirements of

The Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins - 925 Words

Harliegh Johnson Mrs. Varner English 1 8th Hour October 2, 2015 The Hunger Games The Hunger Games, by Suzanne Collins, is fulfilled with intense action and an ironic love story. The districts are forced to compete against each other, to the death, and must have one winner at the end. The Hunger Games takes place in the future with divided districts controlled by the capitol. The capitol’s president is President Snow. Katniss is a main character. She is from district 12, which is considered the poorest district. She lives with her mom and little sister. Her father died while working in the mines. I think Katniss is a brave, smart, and strong girl. She can be kind of mouthy at points and likes things to be her way. Katniss is always ready to react under pressure, and she is going to take on any challenge without a budge. She strives to be the best at everything she sets out to do. Peeta is a main character. He is from district 12 also. His family owns a bakery. I think Peeta values opinions and gets intimidated. Peeta is a hard worker and caring person. He is very strong physically and mentally. Peeta has the ability to give people what they want. He knows how to put on a show and sometimes it turns into reality. Gale is an important character. I wouldn’t necessarily say he is a main character but still have a lot of value to the book. He is very handsome and is Katniss’s best friend. They both hunt together and are very close to each other s family. Gale is very strongShow MoreRelatedThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins3246 Words   |  13 PagesStudy Unit The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins and Steven Galloway’s The Cellist of Sarajevo demonstrates the way in which people are affected by war, and a brutal dictatorship. The authors illustrates the main purpose for writing their novel through the use of imagery, characterization, foreshadowing, flashback, similes, and symbolism. Suzanne Collins and Steven Galloway use imagery and characterization to vividly describe the effects and outcomes of war and dictatorship. Suzanne Collins portrays,Read MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie or the book the Hunger Games came out with a bang when it first hit theaters or the shelves of the bookstores. It was dubbed as one of the best films or books to read, interestingly enough it was a remake of the stories or myths most people heard when they were younger, but modernized and turned into a collage of all the best roman and Greek stories. Suzanne Collins brilliantly combined the Greek and Roman influences to make the movie/book unforgettable. By using stories from the romansRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collin899 Words   |  4 Pages Suzanne Collin’s â€Å"Hunger Games† seems to be about a dystopian society struggle to become a utopia. 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Collins’ main argument, that citizens’ facing governmental oppression can either become compliant with apathy, or, insteadRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins854 Words   |  4 PagesIn a place where poverty is prevalent and a country is ruled b y a tyrannical dictator is it possible for an individual to trust others when their own life is always at stake? In the book The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, the main character Katniss Everdeen is a survivor. In the novel she is put into an arena to compete against twenty-three other tributes to the death. This is not the only time during which she has to fend for herself; at home she had to care for her family and keep them aliveRead MoreThe Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins710 Words   |  3 Pages‘’The hunger games’’ is a novel written by Suzanne Collins, published in 2008. The genre of the book is thriller/survival, and is written over 27 chapters with 454 pages. 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Dystopian films like the Hunger Games provide messages,Read MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins986 Words   |  4 PagesThe Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins is about a sixteen year old girl named Katniss and how she needs to fight for her life. The Hunger Games takes place in an arena in the Capitol of Pa nem. There are 24 tributes, two from each District. The games were created to punish the Twelve Districts for trying to create an uprising against the Capitol. Suzanne Collins book could be compared to the United States and how people obsess with the way they look, discrimination is still occurring, and how the governmentRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1487 Words   |  6 PagesMy first text is The Hunger Games which is written by Suzanne Collins and it was written in September 14 2008; was set in the future, around the year 2087. My second text which is 1984, which is written by George Orwell and was written on Wednesday June 8 1949 and it was set in 1948. There are many themes in the book hunger games such as ‘the inequality between rich and poor’, ‘suffering as environment’ and ‘the importance of appearances’. In 1984 there is also many themes portrayed such as ‘theRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins2436 Words   |  10 PagesThe Hunger Games is a science fiction and adventure film, based on the novel written by Suzanne Collins, which explores concepts of Marxism and numerous aspects of its principles through the dystopian world of Panem. The Hunger Games follows Marxist theories on bourgeoisie and proletariat class structure as well as capitalist production and the distribution of good. Thelma and Louise, a 1991 film directed by Ridley Scott, is often referred to by critics as â€Å"the ultimate feminist film†. This film

Role of The Leader in Organizational Communication

Question: ExplainRole of the leader in organizational communication. Answer: 1. Introduction Organizational culture is ubiquitous. It does retain its presence in every trivial operation of the firm and propelled the action of the individual who involved with that operation. It can be described as the rudiment of organization and its activities. Culture is a type of constrain that subject to evolve but not influenced by any cosmetic adaptation. These adaptations are temporal and related with situational influences regarding the climate which can be considered as a temporal catalyst in this occasion. Organizational communication is directly influenced by organizational culture. In diversified organization ethnic culture contributes in the development of organizational culture. Ethnic values and orientations of the group and individuals within the organization generate communication barrier. This scenario is plausible to Australian organizations because these organizations are diverse and multiethnic in character. Australian immigration policies are offering a chance to the for eign nationals to work in this country as skilled and unskilled worker. Involvement of these people in the organization is the root cause of multicultural atmosphere. Communication is the one of the major central means of the human activity within the organization directed to the attainment of the strategic goal (Jones et al 2004). In this context we also look at the how successful modern leadership in Australian organisations confront ethical issues in relation to managing culturally diverse workforce that requires ethical thinking to bring transparency, impartiality and also clarity of the outcomes Communication structure The pattern of communication can get defined by different graphical pattern, Chin, wheel, star, star, and all channel communication. Communication structure of the organizations is coherent with organization structure. It can exemplify by chain structure of communication. In this pattern of communication, the flow of information does follow the vertical structure of up down movement, in this structure information get strategically structured a decision making authority. In circle network all the information get shared equally among all the members of the group. In wheel structure of communication a centralized leadership works as arbiters to direct the flow of information. These models or the structure of the communication depicts the presence of strategically driven behavior behind the organizational communication. Multiple pattern of communication may get accommodated in a single organization in different level. Depend up on the culture of the organization. Culture has a major infl uence in the communication process, but this influence not only confine only in the existing culture of the organization rather culture of the existing ethnic group and subgroups. Communication process Communication process articulates presence of two prominent bodies sender and receiver. Sender is the body who generates the message and sends it to the receiver. Receiver is the recipient of the message. The process of comprehension plays a cardinal role here. Sending and receiving message influenced by a dormant process of encryption and decryption. Encryption is the process of encoding the message it is the process of a basic criteria formation. it does indicate towards a specific receiver. This is a type of receiver who can decrypt of decode the message and comprehend it. This pre requisite can become more sophisticated to address more sophisticated receiver. Language is a major prerequisite of the communication. The communicator or the sender can codify the message in a certain language which comprehended by only few people In this case the sender will deliberately make interference the whole communication process. Biased communication or deliberate formation of communication ga p may get occurs due to this. Noise is another factor that may generate an undesirable influence over communication ( Hiltz, et al 1986). Noise distorts the message of communication and makes the notion misleading for the receiver. Lingual, cultural and ethnic factors may turn as noise or communication barrier. Cultural influence over communication Some time non verbal communication plays a major role in interpersonal interaction with in organizational atmosphere. The communication without the mediation of verbal language can get defined as non verbal communication. Communication through gesture facial expression and even dressing is the part of non-verbal communication (Chira, D. 2014). This specific type of communication generates an intense impact over interpersonal communication within the organization. Individual and ethnic cultural influence manifests as a prominent factor behind the nonverbal manifestation of human expression. Nonverbal communication is not body language (Chira, D. 2014) but something more comprehensive than that. Perspective of an individual getting reflected in the time of communication, personal attitude belief, and ethical stand plays major role in this regard. This is the major reason behind the ethnic religious and racial influence in the communication process of the diversified work place. Role of the leader in organizational communication Objective driven attitude is one of the cardinal traits of leadership behavior. Leader wants to convey the message to the follower they address the mass activity through their communication (Dewan, Myatt 2008). They want to be communicated. Generating influence is one of the sign of any successful leader. Communication is the means for that purpose. The intension of the leadership cannot be successful without the effective communication. The movement towards strategic direction will be the optimum result of this. In order to get the optimum result the leader should channelized the team towards the sated direction. Multi cultural diverse work place is a plausible challenge for the leaders in this regards. Challenge of communication First challenge emerges as the form of communication. Leader applies direct and indirect communication according to the demand of the situation. Direct communication is the part of the western way of communication. Westerners can make an obvious expression regarding the preference and no preference. But this may not be applicable in the communication of the noon western races. Because beyond the western periphery a different process of communication does exist and this process may not acknowledge the western attributes as the means of effective communication. Contemporary manifestation of effective leadership communication is discursive leadership. Development of common commitment over the strategic issue is the central intension of leadership communication with other team members (Markoczy, 2001: 1014). The proposition from leaders end and the sanction from the subordinates cannot be the mechanical one; the response should get emerged as epitome of authentic involvement with the sub ject. Leader may not get the response as he expect from the person belong to western cultural background. Same expressiveness may not traceable in all the cases but the comprehension of the notion does represent the cohesiveness of the organization. The eligibility of the competent leadership got determined by that. Lingual impediment is another plausible challenge fir the leader of a diversified multicultural work place such as many Australian companies. English is the official language and the only language of communication this country. Being a citizen of this mono lingual atmosphere one may harbor the same expectation from his work environment. A multicultural diverse atmosphere a not comply with that expectation. Workforce from out of Anglo sphere can caused discord at the time of collective learning. Worker with the vernacular accent of non English speaking country can become noticed and ostracized by the mainstream English speaking population. A sense of superiority complex may become predominating among the English speaking worker community. Leader need to address this area; because it invites a direct threat to the cohesiveness of the organization generate impact over the productivity. Employee from different part of the world does not harbor the same attitude towards the hierarchy. According to the organization culture of different country individual differ in terms of attitude. Organization of some country replicates their social structure and maintains identical strata or layer on their structure. This trait does generate an attitude of stratified society among the workers. The worker with some specific attitude fined difficulty to adjust himself with the changed work atmosphere. It is the responsibility of the leader to turn him in a proper direction so he can make himself accustomed with this. Organization communication in culturally diverse work place has confront another major challenge in decision making and communicating the decision if the individual. Decision making process tend to be reactive and depend up on comprehension of the situation. A person from local background comprehends the situation from a certain angle and another person from another ethnic background does it in complete different manner. There is a possibility of conflict lies here. the direction of decision making may not get match all the time and the style of comprehension may caused discord in the organization. The responsibility of the happeng and eventuality sapose to get imposes over leadership. The proof of competent leadership may get validated on the basis of reconciliation that substantiate efficacy of the governance. The process of decision making is not an isolated one rather comprehensive; it has its expansion from micro to macro level. In micro level it does influence individual and hi s eventuality and in macro level it address the community or organization itself. The normative movement to a prescribe direction may not represent a liberal decision. It is the challenge the leader has confronted to retain the value of cohesiveness and facilitate the organization to get evolves on that basis. 2.Brief Background In culturally diverse Australian organisations to confront ethical issues the Leadership have themselves to be ethical in behaviour and thereby bring transparency in work, impartiality in judgements and clarity in the outcomes. We deal with this in detail further in the assignment in diversity and challenges and also while managing diversity where Leadership and their behaviours play a vital part in confronting the ethical issues in culturally diverse workforce in the Australian organisations. While we live in this diverse society and the same is reflected in workplaces. Diversity is considered broader than the ethnicity, race and gender. Diversity is what that makes each other unique which includes our beliefs, personality, backgrounds and also life experiences. Therefore it is all these that make us who or what we are. It is therefore the combination of visible and the invisible differences which shape our view of this world that is our perspective and approach. Dimensions pertaining to diversity includes age, ethnicity, gender, physical abilities, ancestry, race, educational background, sexual orientation, marital status, geographic location, income, parental status, religious beliefs and work experiences etc. to name a few. In this context it is vital to know how all these dimensions affect the performance, success, motivations and his dealings with others. It is therefore that these Institutional structures and also practices that present as barriers to few dimensions of the diversity be examined, challenged, worked upon and removed. Managing diversity is referred to planning and thereby implementing these organisational systems and the practices in order to manage people in such ways that potential advantages of this diversity are truly maximised and the disadvantages are minimised. Managing diversity therefore provides the distinct advantage in this era when creativity and flexibility are vital to competitiveness. An organisation has to be adaptable and flexible in order to meet the new customer wants and needs which in turn will increase profitability. Diversity as a concept is having potential to know about international market, contribute to diverse operational related skills, represent varied customer bases and helps in the decision making and also with diverse age and the experiences that provide different perspectives (Stone2013). Therefore managing diversity in Australian organisations is proactive recruitment and the retention of these diverse workforces in such ways that the employee differences become asset for rather than becoming liability to the organisation. It is therefore by harnessing these diverse differences helps to create productive environment where every individual feels valued, feel that their talents being utilised fully and in these also organisational goals are fulfilled (ertens, 2014). Outlook of Diversity and challenges in Australian organisations Therefore in organisations in Australia it is important for Leaders handle these ethical issues pertaining to the culturally diverse workforce by identifying key management and team leader competencies where they ensure these all essential motivations are fully addressed for all the employees in such culturally varied workforce (Corey et al. 2014), effective managers of such cultural diversity are required to posses number of abilities and the strategies in order to manage and work with such diverse staff and also customers as below: Having broader perspective and relative experience of working with such varied differences Are really aware of themselves pertaining to their attitudes, prejudices and also values Can articulate relationship in between managing diversity and the business outcomes Know how about diversity dimensions between their legal and the organisational framework Can assess and identify these positive and negative effects of such diversity on the business functions Can communicate relatively well and effectively across the diverse cultures Respond effectively with these diversity issues with the help of seeking and sharing the views and the inputs of all the team members Identifying management competencies that they should develop and the competencies that staff has to work in tandem or together to be effective Understand the very process of the designing and also implementing such diversity strategy Use diversity of their teams in ways to enhance the creativity and also innovation Demonstrate real flexibility and also openness in learning from such diverse people Research and relative experience shows workplace teams in organisations in Australia being increasingly diverse( Benschop et al 2015).. There are several dimensions to this diversity that figure prominently among most teams which includes the gender, cultural background and also generations. Therefore due to differences among the micro, the small, the medium and the large enterprises, leaders or managers also need to look to consider each of the action areas and also recommended actions that needs to be worked in relevance to the organisation and also industry it operates. Hence in such scenarios it is very important for leaders to confront ethical issues in such varied workforce in Australian organisations must put more emphasis on the people management (Corey, Corey, Corey2013). It is those organisations that manages the culturally diversified workforce effectively and thereby develops cultural competence tend to gain advantages in terms of attraction and retention, teams and the teamwork and also international people management thereby making them highly competitive in labour market. Organisations that use such diversity management approaches and strategies to address the very concerns of the minority staff reduces the annual turnover of the staff, thereby saving money, retaining the skills and helps in enhancing the reputation in the industry. Managing Diversities Diversity Management is an effective continuing process of involving workforce recognition and the customer differentiation to all the core business functions, the processes, the communications and the services in order to develop a harmonious, relatively fair, inclusive, a more creative and also effective organisation. The various concepts and the practices that has evolved over the years in Australia and also across developed economies having large population of immigration. Leaders were mainly concerned with the fairness and more importantly tolerance through the compliance policies, the very control techniques and systems and also staff training. With increased competition and vastly diversified workforce there came the need for talented and trained staff in global knowledge based economy, higher work and life balance expectation among employees, better career and also learning areas with opportunities, respect, flexibility, recognition and wide consultation. The various laws regarding racial and the age discriminations. The leaders thereby became highly responsible towards minimising disadvantages while maximising advantages of the workforce that is diverse so as to ensure the social cohesion with inclusiveness to act as essential feature of organisational tool for effectiveness (havand et al. 2013). Therefore several points be considered in this perspective Managing and also working with the diversity happens to be generic skill Its fair to comprehend that most Australian organisations always managed the diversity on their terms. They dealt with the cultural differences as per need or at times avoided or ignored them (hrich et al 2015). The ones who actively managed these cultural diversities happens to be most competitive Understanding what is that motivates and also satisfies employees, despite their circumstances or the background, is a major feature of good organisation management With people from varied cultures along with education, age, gender etc, living and also working in Australia adds to complexity. It is observed that we human beings are more similar than we look different. These differences are result of our upbringing, learned things about seeing this world and how we do the activities. The most likely of differences are most often least visible. They are expressed in the values and the attitudes we posses (candura, 2016). Organisational and the individual performance are linked to the diversity management strategy Exactly understanding differences that affect relationships, actions and also the decisions in this diverse workplace and the social environments enables the leaders and managers to enhance individual and the teams performance. It is thus vital for the leaders in this context to manage conflicts and other issues effectively by proper qualities and techniques that overall benefit the organisation. Leadership Styles and their approaches Leadership had been regarded as the inherent ability that one posses in influencing others with the help of controlling the said behaviour of all other members of that group. leadership styles has evolved with motivation and other enabling factors apart from influencing to achieve desired organisational goals. This concept brought the transformational and transactional leadership into force. But most of research equated the transactional approach to the transformational style (Banks, 2015). Here the communal characteristics along with inspirational values are described to understand this leadership. Transformational leaders characteristics lead to nurturing and also caring, their role is observed to show consideration thereby developing followers in achieving their full potential. The Leaders lead in the ways that is encouraging and also motivating as communal traits are substantially beneficial in the producing along with fostering the self worth and also confidence among the subord inates. Therefore the development of this transactional and the transformational based leadership were on terms based on understanding of multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ). By using leader and the rater forms in the MLQ survey, the transactional and also transformational based leadership is truly measured to provide exact evaluation to the individuals to understand their leadership behaviour or the style. With flattening organisational structures and hierarchies and the rapid pace of globalisations are making leadership styles and approaches are transforming also. As per the measurement of the MLQ the transformational approach shows that benefit of relatively using communal based approach to the leadership (Mphotwana, 2014). Therefore in pretext to Australian organisations culturally linked leadership model or style that shows the very differences between the cultures especially in view of the values, attitudes and the behaviour of the individuals and that the diversion provides the implications for the leadership in those organisations. Previous studies emphasised on leaders themselves involving their styles, the actions, the philosophies and also the acceptance and with appropriateness of the different leadership styles. These studies indicated that different behaviour and also actions of the leaders are being interpreted and also evaluated totally differently based on the cultural scenario and the same are due to the variations among the peoples image and ideas of ideal leader. Relatively fewer studies has taken the dimension of cultural influences on the leadership styles, the different approaches of leadership practised in other countries and the general style of leadership at that point in the place (Arends, 2014). Reality and generality is based on the very limited research that raises quite significant questions on the research that underlie in studying the differences in these leadership approaches and styles originating across cultures. Hence from managerial perspective these variations in the leadership styles offer extremely difficult challenges to the organisations, mainly during expanding their various operations globally. The Australian organisations quite often need to be contend with these diverse cultural ethoses, values, behaviours and the norms that are quite different from that of host country. It is thus critical to study the influence that arises of the culture based specific forces that apply on these differences in the leadership style s (Hislop, 2013). Conclusion: In this context it works a major challenge across the organisations in Australia with their leaders to understand the ethical values that brings forth the communications, the various cultural and backgrounds that underlie in the process and the diversity of these issues make the Leaders evaluate their behaviours and the leadership approaches styles. 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